From Scarcity to Visibility Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1: Introduction and Overview
1: Introduction and Overview
Pages 9-14
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From page 9... ...
Rossiter, Women Scientists in America, 19951 INTRODUCTION By the early 1970s, significant changes had occurred in federal civil rights laws governing the treatment of women in higher education. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 required institutions of higher education that received federal funding to treat women and men equally in admissions, funding, residency, and sports, thus eliminating overt discrimination.
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From page 10... ...
But while women have clearly made enormous gains in their participation in science and engineering, it is also clear that these advances represent neither unconditional success in overcoming gender inequalities nor assurance of continuing progress in the future. HISTORY OF THE REPORT The National Research Council (NRC)
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From page 11... ...
Key enhancements include: • A richer characterization of the demographic, educational, and career characteristics of male and female scientists and engineers. • An examination of nonacademic sectors of employment and gender differences in types of work within each sector, thus taking into account the shifting balance of employment opportunities among sectors of employment and the movement of scientists and engineers into industry during the 1980s and 1990s.
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From page 12... ...
While this does not change the fact that women overall have less well paying jobs, it does help us understand what leads to the observed difference in salary and can guide the development of policies to further improve the status of women in science. With this in mind, the substantive chapters of the report trace the career through the various filters that affect career outcomes.
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From page 13... ...
The most important issue involving minorities in science and engineering involves increasing their numbers. Unfortunately, the Panel did not have the time or resources to adequately study the complex issues facing underrepresented minorities in science and engineering.
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From page 14... ...
14 FROM SCARCITY TO VISIBILITY White Asian American African American Hispanic Native American 100 90 80 Percent of New Ph.D.s 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 79 89 95 79 89 95 79 89 95 79 89 95 79 89 95 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 Engineering Mathematics Physical Life Social/Behavioral Sciences Sciences Sciences FIGURE 1-1 Percent of Ph.D.s by minority status, field, and year of Ph.D.
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