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B10: Glutaraldehyde
Pages 271-291

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From page 271... ... Unbuffered aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde are stable for long periods of time, have a mildly acid pH, a negligible odor, and are not potently antimicrobial. When buffered to an alkaline pH of 7.5 to 8.0 with sodium bicarbonate, the glutaraIdehyde is activated; it has a strong pungent odor, and its antimicrobial activity is greatly enhanced for periods of up to 14 days (Stonehil1 et al., 1963~. Read the entire page →
From page 272... ... The preservative and antimicrobial properties of glutaraldehyde have found broad application in cosmetic, toiletry, and chemical specialty products because of glutaraldehyde's water solubility and usefulness in systems containing secondary or tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, or protonated amines (Beauchamp et al., 1992~. Glutaraldehyde solutions often are used as cell and tissue fixatives in biochemical experiments during space-shuttle flights. Read the entire page →
From page 273... ... Percutaneous penetration of topically applied glutaraldehyde solutions was studied in vitro using human stratum corneum from the chest, abdomen, and sole, and epidermis from the abdomen (Reifenrath et al., 1985~. The results showed that glutaraldehyde does not penetrate the thick stratum corneum of the sole, but that 3.3% to 13.~% of the applied dose penetrated the thin stratum corneum of the chest and abdomen, and 2.~% to 4.4% of the applied dose penetrated the isolated epidermis. Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... rats exposed to glutaraldehyde for 6 in/d, 5 d/w, for 3 mo at 0.049 or 0.194 ppm showed perinasal wetness and significantly decreased weight gain but no damage to the nasal mucosa and no histopathological lesions in any organ, although the activities of several serum enzymes (phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase) were increased (Greenspan et al., 1985~. Read the entire page →
From page 275... ... . Similar lesions in the respiratory tract were seen in 13-w studies of rats and mice exposed to glutaraIdehyde at 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 ppm, but the evidence of systemic toxicity was unclear following histopathological or clinical pathology assessments (Kiri, 1992) Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... Negative results were observed at concentrations spanning cytotoxic to noncytotoxic doses in the following test systems: mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA 98 and TA 100 with and without microsomes (Hemminki et al., 1980; Slesinski et al., 1983) , the Chinese hamster ovary cell and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosy! Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... ~ ppm revealed hepatocellular atrophy, rhinitis, and mild atrophy of the olfactory mucosa. Rhinitis and squamous metaplasia of the nasal mucosa occurred at ~ . Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... There appears to be substantial variation in individual susceptibility to glutaraldehyde-induced dermatitis, which, in a few individuals, appears to be due to allergic reactions developing after repeated contact with glutaraldehyde. Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes Numerous reports describe the risks of occupational exposure to glutaraldehyde vapors in hospital staff involved in cold sterilization of endoscopes and other medical equipment. Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... Rats exposed 6 in/d, 5 d/w, for 14 w to glutaraldehyde at concentrations of 0.194, 0.049, or 0.021 ppm showed signs of irritation consisting of periocular and perinasal encrustation at 0.194 and 0.049 ppm, but showed no significant hematological, organ-weight, histological, urinary, or gross pathological effects (BalIantyne, 1986~. Thus, subchronic exposures at low concentrations ranging from 49 to 194 ppb produce signs of sensory irritation, and exposures at 20 ppb produce transient reduced body-weight gain, indicating mild sensory irritation but not toxicity (Ballantyne, 1L986~. Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... Because this tumor type occurs spontaneously (23% to 24%) in females of the strain of rats used, the results might represent a modulating effect on this spontaneously occurring tumor rather than a direct chemical carcinogenic effect. Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... 281 .~ � o Em of Cal Cal .O a' o o ~ g . Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... ACGIH, 1991 NIOSH's REL 0.2 ACGIH, 1991 Germany's MAK 0.2 ACGIH, 1991 STEL, short-term exposure limit; PEL, permissible exposure limit; REL, recommended exposure limit; MAK, maximum allowable concentration. TABLE 10-3 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations Exposure Concentration, Concentration, Duration ppm mg/m3 Target Toxicity 1 h 0.12 0.49 Eye irritation, rhinitis, respira tory difficulty, headache 24 h 0.04 0.08 Eye irritation, rhinitis, respira tory difficulty, headache 7 da 0.006 0.024 Lesions of the respiratory tract 30 d 0.003 0.012 Lesions of the respiratory tract 180 d 0.0006 0.002 Lesions of the respiratory tract aPrevious 7-d temporary group SMAC for aliphatic aldehydes is 5 ppm (1.2 mg/m3) Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... Thus, the 1-h AC for these end points was set equal to the lowest reported occupational exposure concentration that produced irritation (assumed to be for 8 h/d) Read the entire page →
From page 285... ... = 0.006 ppm. To calculate a concentration that will protect against respiratory-tract lesions during a 30-d exposure, the 16-d LOAELis divided by 10 to estimate a NOAEL and multiplied by (16/30) Read the entire page →
From page 286... ... 2 fly 6 SMACS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE Read the entire page →
From page 288... ... 1991. Letter to Martin Coleman, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex., from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Co., Specialty Chemicals Division, Danbury, Conn. Read the entire page →
From page 289... ... 1989. Occupational hazard in hospital staff exposed to 2 per cent glutaraldehyde in an endoscopy unit. Read the entire page →
From page 290... ... 1972. Sbornik VysleUku Toxikologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku, Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha. Read the entire page →
From page 291... ... 1990. Evaluation of the in vitro skin penetration of glutaraldehyde using the rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and human skin [abet. Read the entire page →

From page 271...

... Unbuffered aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde are stable for long periods of time, have a mildly acid pH, a negligible odor, and are not potently antimicrobial. When buffered to an alkaline pH of 7.5 to 8.0 with sodium bicarbonate, the glutaraIdehyde is activated; it has a strong pungent odor, and its antimicrobial activity is greatly enhanced for periods of up to 14 days (Stonehil1 et al., 1963~.

B10: Glutaraldehyde Pages 271-291

B10: Glutaraldehyde
Pages 271-291