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From page 141... ... Index A Aerial photography, 35, 37 cost, Is satellite imagery, 38 crop production models, 40 forestry, 57 soil/crop variability, 54 vegetation indexes, 48 Agricultural chemicals, 77, 98 see also Fertilizers; Pest control; Herbicides; Variable rate technology Agricultural extension services, 7, 90, 104, 106, 114 telecommunications, 11, 107 Agricultural inputs, 18, 49, 52, 56-57 cost factors, 73 evaluation methodology, 97, 100-101, 103 subfield scale, 73, 101 see also Environmental issues; Agricultural chemicals Agricultural machinery, 44, 65-66, 80-81, 82 cost factors, 70-71, 80-81 forestry, 56 private R&D funding, 93 141 sensors and, 97, 98 floaters, 33-34, 65 standards, 98 turnkey computer systems, 78-79 Agricultural production, general, 1, 46, 49 crop models, 39-40, 49-50, 53, 101 crop yield and profit maps, 4 data standards, ISO 8211, 98, 99 spatial dimension, 39-40, 49-50, 53 Agricultural productivity, general, 1, 46, 48, 67, 102 local sensors, 97 R&D funding, 93 stochastic processes, 49-50 yield mapping systems, 31, 38, 45, 49, 53,55,63,66, 115 yield monitors, 22, 31, 38, 66, 78, 100, 115 Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91 Agriculture Electronics Association, 98, 108 American Committee for Inoperable Systems, 111 American Farm Bureau Federation, 108, 111 Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... 142 B Biomass variation, 48, 55 Biotechnology, 52, 64, 86 germplasm, 44 herbicide resistance, 52 private sector, 94 C California Irrigation Management Information System, 23-25, 66, 68 Cartography, see Maps and mapping Case studies, 3, 73, 74, 76, 103, 104 Cation exchange capacity, 32 Census of Agriculture, 115 Center pivot irrigation, 67, 70 Chemicals, see Agricultural chemicals Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, 95-96 Communications, see Telecommunications Completer products and services, 20, 31, 66, 70, 71, 77, 78-79, 85, 97-99, 118 CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 education, 104 expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101 turnkey, 78-79 see also Data collection and processing; Data ownership and privacy; Intellectual property; Internet Conservation tillage, 94 Cooperative Research and Development Agreement' 95 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, 91 Copyright, see Intellectual property Copyright Act, 111 Corn, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70 Cost factors, 12, 72, 119 aerial vs satellite imagery, 38 agricultural machinery, 70-71, 80-81 floater/variable-rate technologies, 3334 chemicals dealers, 77 cost-benefit analysis, 51, 81-82, 87, 89 INDEX diffusion of technology, 67, 68-69, 7072 environmental benefits vs costs, 87, 89 fertilizers, 56 fixed, 70 human capital, 70, 71 inputs, 73 long-term, 72-73 nutrient assays, 4 pest control, 60, 81 remote sensing, 38, 72-73 sampling strategies, 97 subfield management, 21 telecommunications, private investment, 106-107 weed management, 80-81 Cotton, 47, 50-51, 63, 71, 77, 86 Crop models, 5, 101-103 aerial photography, 40 ground-based sensors, 34 production, 39-40, 49-50, 53, 101 remote sensing, 36, 37, 38 spatial dimension, 39-40, 49-50, 53 Crop yield, see Agricultural production; Agricultural productivity D Data collection and processing, 5, 17, 18, 92, 109, 118-119 crop consultant, profile, 26-27 data sharing, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 87-88, 99100, 103, 106, 111 decision support systems, 41, 42-43 environmental monitoring, 87-88, 111 geographic information systems, 5, 3031 geographic scales, 19-20 georeferencing, 7, 22, 28-30 methodology, 96-99, 100-101 Natural Resources Inventory, 115-116 public sector role, 10-11, 97, 112-119 regional, 7, 111-112 soil, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116 spatial dimension, 22, 23 standards, 7-8, 10, 97-98, 114, 118 see also Image processing Read the entire page →
From page 143... ... INDEX Data ownership and privacy, 6, 7, 10, 92, 108, 110-112, 118 see also Intellectual property Decision support systems, 1, 4, 5, 11-12, 18, 40-43, 104 crop/information technology/decisionmaking linkage, 46 data collection/processing, 41, 42-43 expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101 [arm size/structure impacts, 81-82 georeferencing, 28 precision agriculture defined, 2 spatial dimension, 41-42 theory, 100 weather, 61 weed management, 41-42 Department of Agriculture, 3, 7 Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91 date management, 10, 116 evaluation/coordination role, 9, 10, 99 R&D, 90-92, 101 Department of Defense, 93 see also Global Positioning System Differential Global Positioning System, 29, 32, 33, 61, 63 Doppler radar, 61-62 Dissemination of research, see Technology diffusion Drip irrigation, 67, 68, 70, 85 EEconomic factors, 6, 11-12, 14, 105 evaluation, 9, 74-76, 99-101 farm/size structure, 12-13, 81-85, 88 forestry, 57 information technology, evaluation of impacts on, 74-76 profitability, 9, 12, 45, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 96 vertical integration, 85 see also Cost factors; Employment issues; Funding; Private sector Economic Research Service, 115 Education and training, 5-6, 104-106 computer use, 104 continuing professional, 6, 105 143 GPS, 104 land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 private sector reticence, 93, 94 public sector role, general, 3, 90, 92 see also Technical assistance; Technology diffusion Employment issues, 3, 13, 79-81, 88 age of farmers, 81 government research agencies, 91 human capital, 70, 71 pesticides, farmworker safety, 61 rural development, 13, 79-81 Environmental issues, vi, 3, 9, 11-14 (passim) , 85-89, 119 conservation tillage, 94 cost-benefit factors, 87, 89 data collection/processing, 87-88, 111 export markets for technology, 107 evaluation, 99, 100, 103-104 fertilizers, 13-14, 55-56, 85-86, 87 forestry, 57 landscape analysis, 23 pest control, 13-14, 60, 61, 85-86, 87 private sector investment, 94-95 public sector role, 96, 101, 102 standards, 98 Equipment, see Agricultural machinery Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 98 Erosion, 23 Evaluation agricultural inputs, general, 97, 100 101, 103 CRADA, 95-96 databases, 111 DOA role, 9, 10, 99 economic factors, 9, 74-76, 99-101 environmental issues, 99, 100, 103-104 fertilizer application, 73, 76 information technology, economic impacts of, 74-76 methodology, 9, 10, 18, 96-101, 103 public sector role, 9, 10, 96-101 see also Economic factors; Environmental issues; Standards Evapotranspiration, 23, 24-25, 36, 39 Expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101 Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... 144 Extension services, see Agricultural extension services F Farm size/structure decision support systems, 81-82 economic factors, 12-13, 81-85, 88 Federal Geographic Data Committee, 98 Federal Technology Transfer Act, 95 Fertilizers, 51, 55-59, 102 cost factors, 56 harvest timing, 48 pollution, 13-14, 55-56, 85-86, 87 spatial dimension, 55, 58-59 subfield scale, 73, 101 synthetic, 44 variable-rate technologies, 33, 65-66, 76 Floaters, 33-34, 65 Foreign trade, 107 Forestry management, 2 site-specific, 56-57 Freedom of Information Act, 110- 111 Harvest, 63 Fruit growth, 46-47 Fruit yield, 31 Funding CRADA, 95-96 disclosure, 9 GPS, 91 Internet, 91 land grant universities, 105 machinery, 93 private, 92-95 public, 93, 95, 96 Agricultural Research Service, 91, 92 other USDA funding, 92 G General Accounting Office, 107 Genetic engineering, see Biotechnology Geographic information systems, 5, 30-33, 39-40, 49, 59, 78, 94, 97, 111, 115, 117 data collection/processing, 5, 30-31 decision support systems, 28 INDEX education, 104 forestry, 56, 57 Georeferencing, 7, 28 data collection/processing, 7, 22, 28-30 see also Global Positioning System Geostatistics, 4, 5 kriging, 59 GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29 Global Positioning System, 5, 28-33 (passim) , 38, 78, 90, 108 education, 104 forestry, 56 harvest, 63 pesticides, 61 private sector role, 94 real-time sensing, 29 Grains, 31, 66, 70, 76 Grid soil sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 Groundbased sensors, 34-35, 97 floaters, 33-34, 65 H fertilizers, 48 forestry, 56 GPS, 63 machinery costs, 80-81 plant population data, 53 timing, 46, 48 vegetative-to-fruit growth, 47 Herbicides, 51, 60-61 forestry, 56 resistant plant varieties, 52 Humidity measurements, 62-63 I Image processing, 5, 10-11, 36 crop consultant, profile, 26 Infrared sensing, 37 vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48 Inputs, see Agricultural inputs Insect control, see Pest control Integrated pest management, 12, 59-61, 66, 85, 101 Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... INDEX Intellectual property, copyright/patents, 108-112, 118 CRADA, 95 private sector dilemma, 93-94 remote sensing, 108 see also Data ownership and privacy Interferometry, 40 Internet, 12, 2O, 91, 106, 107-108 CIMIS, 23-25 weather, 62 Investment, see Funding IPM, see Integrated pest management Irrigation center pivot, 67, 70 CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 cotton, 47 drip, 67, 68, 70, 85 harvest timing and, 48 low-volume, 66, 67-70, 83, 85 variable-rate technologies, 33 I50 8211, 98, 99 K Kriging, 59 145 geographic information systems, 30-31, 49 geostatistics and, 4 GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29 humidity, 63 product quality, 63 sensing techniques, general, 5 soil, general, 73, 101 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-11, 116-117 variable-rate technologies, 32, 33 weeds, 42, 53 see also Global Positioning System; Yield mapping systems Marketing, 6, 12, 63 databases, 111 diffusion of technology, 69 harvest dates predicted, 46 Models and modeling cotton growth, 50-51 L crop/information technology/decisionmaking linkage, 46 crop/pest interactions, 102, 103 forestry, 56-57 multivariate, 48-51, 100, 103 soil, 101-103 spatial, general, 4, 19-20 Land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, 38 LANDSAT remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119 Landscape analysis, 23 Legal issues, see Data ownership and privacy; Intellectual property Lewin-Kolb model, 19 LIDAR, 57 Livestock, 2, 93, 98 Local agencies, see State and local agencies M Machinery, see Agricultural machinery Maps and mapping fertility, 73 see also Crop models; Decision support systems; Kriging Multivariate analysis, 48-51, 100, 103 N NASA, see Landsat remote sensing National Agricultural Statistics Service, 114-115 National Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116-117 National Information Infrastructure Council/Task Force, 108, 111 Natural Resources Conservation Service, 10, 115-117 see also National Cooperative Soil Survey Natural Resources Inventory, 115- 116 Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... 146 o Occupational safety and health, pesticides, 61 On-line systems, see Internet; Telecommunications Open GIS Foundation, 98 p Patents, see Intellectual property PC-Plant Protection, 41 Pest control, 4, 16, 17, 40, 44, 51, 59-61 cost factors, 60, 81 crop production modeling, 39 decision support systems, 41-42 environmental issues, 60, 61 GPS, 61 ground-based sensors, 35 humidity, 62-63 pollutants, 13-14, 60, 61, 85-86, 87 R&D policy, 102 scouting, 16, 83 soil, 60 spatial dimension, general, 60-61 subfield management, 21, 41-42 see also Integrated pest management; Weed management Photosynthesis, 39 Plant control, see Herbicides; Weed management Plant diseases, 21 scouting, 16, 83 Pollution, see Environmental issues Precision agricultural, general, 119 ancillary uses, 77 components, 65 conventional vs. 9, 16-17, 44, 48-51, 87,93,94, 101 defined, 2, 17- 18 export markets for technology, 107 farm size/structure impacts, 12- 13, 81 85, 88 high- vs low-value crops, 77 management factors, 51-52 NAS study focus, 18- 19 service/product provision, forms, 77-79 INDEX systems approach, 48-49, 100, 101 Privacy, see Data ownership and privacy Private sector, vi, 5, 90 agricultural machinery, 93 biotechnology, 94 data processing, 11 diffusion of technology, 90, 91-92 education, 93, 94 environmental protection, 94-95 evaluation, 9, 99, 101 funding levels, 92-9S GPS, 94 professional societies, 6, 98, 99, 106 public sector cooperation, 95-96, 98, 100-101, 114-115, 118 R&D, 90, 93-94 telecommunications infrastructure, 106107 weather satellites, 61-62 Production, see Agricultural production Productivity, see Agricultural productivity Professional societies, 6, 98, 99, 106 Profitability, 9, 12, 45, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 96 Public sector role, vi, 3, 5, 90, 90-119 data collection and processing, 10- 11, 97, 112-119 diffusion of technology, 90-92, 100-101 education, general, 3, 90, 92 environmental protection, 96, 101, 102 evaluation, 9, 10, 96-101 federal agencies other than DOA, 91, 116, 119 funding, 93, 95, 96 Agricultural Research Service, 91, 92 other USDA funding, 92 land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 private sector cooperation, 95-96, 98, 100-101, 114-115, 118 R&D, 3, 90-96, 101-104 standards, 97-99, 118 telecommunications, 106-108 weather satellites, 61-62 see also Department of Agriculture; State and local agencies; other public agencies Read the entire page →
From page 147... ... INDEX R Real-time processing, 4 Global Positioning System, 29 ground-based, 34-35 spatial data, 22 variable-rate technologies, 32-33 weather, 20, 62 Regional dimension, 23-25 databases, 7, 111- 112 weather, 61, 62 Remote sensing, 5, 35-39, 101 cost of, 38, 72-73 crop growth graphs from, 47-48 crop models, 36, 37, 38 forestry, 56-57 image processing, 5, 10- 11, 26, 36 intellectual property issues, 108 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, 38 LAND SAT remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119 privacy issues, 110-111 soil and crop variability, 54 spatial data, 22, 36-38, 48 telecommunications, local access, 108 variable-rate technologies, 32, 33 vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48 see also Aerial photography; Infrared sensing Research and development, 27-28 Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91 decision theory, 100 DOA role, 90-92, 101 fertility, 90-91 funding, 91, 92, 93, 95-96 groundbased sensors, 34-35 multidisciplinary, 5, 6-7 pest control, 102 private sector role, 90, 93-94 public sector role, 3, 90-96, 101-104 public/pr~vate sector cooperation, 95-96 state agricultural experiment stations, 92, 94, 95 traditional as emergent, 2, 3-6, 44, 48-51 see also Biotechnology; Case studies; Evaluation; Technology diffusion Russia, 29 147 Rural development, vi, 88-89 employment, 13, 79-81 telecommunications, 11, 13, 106-108 see also Farm size/structure S Satellite technology, 35-36, 37, 38, 106, 115, 119 cost factors, 38 CIMIS, 25 GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29 Landsat remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119 private sector, 61-62 weather, 61-62, 115 see also Global Positioning System Scouting, 16, 83 Seasonal factors, 48, 50 Seeds, 52-53, 86 germplasm, 44 Sensing and sensors, 4-5 real-time sensing, 4, 20, 22, 29, 32-35, 62 see also Ground-based sensors; Image processing; Remote sensing; Spectroscopy Social factors, vi, 11, 13, 105, 119 see also Employment issues Soil science, 3, 16, 51, 53-59, 67 aerial photography, 54 cation exchange capacity, 32 CIMIS, 23-25 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116 data collection, general, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116 depth assessments, 53 erosion, 23 fertility research, 73, 90-91 forestry, 56-57 georeferencing, 28 grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 groundbased sensors, 34-35 mapping, general, 73, 101 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116-117 Read the entire page →
From page 148... ... 148 modeling, 101-103 nutrient assays, 4, 35 pesticides, 60 phosphorus, 32, 35, 58, 56, 57-58, 73 plant genetics, drought-prone soils, 52 plant population, 52-53 potassium, 35, 56, 73 remote sensing, 54 R&D policy, 102 spatial dimension, 54, 113, 114 grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 stochastic processes, 49 subfield management, 21, 49, 101 variable-rate technologies, 32 see also Fertilizers Soybean, 70, 77, 86 Spatial Data Transfer Standard, 98 Spatial dimension, 5, 6, 17, 51 CIMIS, 23-25 crop production modeling, 39-40, 4950, 53 data management, 22, 23 decision support systems, 41-42 fertilizer, 55, 58-59 forestry, 56 geographic scales of application, 19-26 heterogeneity, 44 intellectual property issues, 108 landscape analysis, 23 methodology, 96 103 pest control, 60-61 subfield management, 21, 41-42 regional, 7, 23-25, 61, 62, 111-112 :remote sensing, 22, 36-38, 48 sampling strategies, 97 soil and crop variability, 54, 113, 114 grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 standards, 99 subfield management, 21, 41-42, 49, 50,62,73,97, 101, 111 variable-rate technologies, 32-34 weather, 61 yield monitors, 22, 31 see also Georeferencing; Global Positioning System; Maps and mapping Spectroscopy, 37 INDEX soil and crop variability, 54 see also Infrared sensing Standards, 7-8, 10, 97-99, 113, 114, 118 agricultural machinery, 98 data collection/processing, 7-8, 10, 9798, 114, 118 diffusion of technology, 7-8, 10, 97-98 environmental, 98 150 8211, 98, 99 public sector role, 97-99, 118 spatial dimension, 99 telecommunications, 99 State and local agencies CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, 91 data processing and transfer, 11 land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 state agricultural experiment stations, 92, 94, 95, 99 telecommunications regulation, 107 Statistics multivariate, 48-51, 100, 103 regression analysis, 100, 103 stochastic processes, 49-50 see also Data collection and processing; Data ownership and privacy; Geostatistics Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act, 95 Stochastic processes, 49-50 Subfield dimension, 50, 97, 111 agricultural inputs, general, 73, 101 cost factors, 21 fertilizers, 73, 101 pest control, 21, 41-42 plant diseases, 21 soils, 21, 49, 101 weather, 21, 49-50 Systems approach, general, 48-49, 100, 101 T Technical assistance Cooperative Soil Survey, 10 Read the entire page →
From page 149... ... , 83 cost factors, 67, 68-69, 70-72 data ownership and privacy, 6, 7, 10, 92 data sharing, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 87-88, 99100, 103, 106 marketing, 69 private sector role, 90, 91-92 public sector role, 90-92, 100- 101 standards, 7-8, 10, 97-98 Telecommunications, 11, 13, 106- 108 agricultural extension services, 11, 107 private investment, 106- 107 public sector role, 106-108 remote sensing, local access, 108 spatial scales and, 20 standards, 99 rural development, 11, 13, 106-108 weather data, 62 see also California Irrigation Management Information System; Internet Telecommunications Deregulation Act of 1996, 11, 107 Temporal dimension, 17 crop production modeling, 40, 49-50 fertilizer, 55 management factors, general, 51 pesticides, 60-61 seasonal factors, 48, 50 weather, 61 see also Harvest; Seasonal factors Topography, 67 Training, see Education and training Turnkey systems, software, 78 U USDA, see Department of Agriculture 149 V Variable-rate technology, 32-34, 38, 59, 65-66, 73, 76, 86-87, 97-98 cost, 33-34 fertilizers, 33, 65-66, 76 irrigation, 33 mapping, 32, 33 real-time processing, 32-33 remote sensing, 32, 33 soils, 32 spatial dimension, 32-34 Vegetable yield, 31 Vegetables, 77 Vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48 VRT, see Variable rate technology W Weather, 5, 17, 20, 37, 61-63, 67 CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 decision support systems, 61 Doppler radar, 61-62 evapotranspiration, 23, 24-25, 36, 39 forestry, 56-57 humidity, 62-63 precipitation, 62 real-time processing, 20, 62 satellites, 61-62, 115 stochastic factor, 49-50 subfield management, 21, 49-50 weather data, 11, 23-25, 66, 68, 107 Weed management, 60 decision support systems, 41-42 machinery costs, 80-81 mapping, 42, 53 plant population data, 53 scouting, 16, 83 see also Herbicides WeedSOFT, 42, 43 y Yield mapping systems, 31, 38, 45, 49, 53,63,66, 115 fertilizers, 55 Yield monitors, 22, 31, 38, 66, 78, 100, 115 Read the entire page →

From page 141...

... Index A Aerial photography, 35, 37 cost, Is satellite imagery, 38 crop production models, 40 forestry, 57 soil/crop variability, 54 vegetation indexes, 48 Agricultural chemicals, 77, 98 see also Fertilizers; Pest control; Herbicides; Variable rate technology Agricultural extension services, 7, 90, 104, 106, 114 telecommunications, 11, 107 Agricultural inputs, 18, 49, 52, 56-57 cost factors, 73 evaluation methodology, 97, 100-101, 103 subfield scale, 73, 101 see also Environmental issues; Agricultural chemicals Agricultural machinery, 44, 65-66, 80-81, 82 cost factors, 70-71, 80-81 forestry, 56 private R&D funding, 93 141 sensors and, 97, 98 floaters, 33-34, 65 standards, 98 turnkey computer systems, 78-79 Agricultural production, general, 1, 46, 49 crop models, 39-40, 49-50, 53, 101 crop yield and profit maps, 4 data standards, ISO 8211, 98, 99 spatial dimension, 39-40, 49-50, 53 Agricultural productivity, general, 1, 46, 48, 67, 102 local sensors, 97 R&D funding, 93 stochastic processes, 49-50 yield mapping systems, 31, 38, 45, 49, 53,55,63,66, 115 yield monitors, 22, 31, 38, 66, 78, 100, 115 Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91 Agriculture Electronics Association, 98, 108 American Committee for Inoperable Systems, 111 American Farm Bureau Federation, 108, 111

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From page 142...

... 142 B Biomass variation, 48, 55 Biotechnology, 52, 64, 86 germplasm, 44 herbicide resistance, 52 private sector, 94 C California Irrigation Management Information System, 23-25, 66, 68 Cartography, see Maps and mapping Case studies, 3, 73, 74, 76, 103, 104 Cation exchange capacity, 32 Census of Agriculture, 115 Center pivot irrigation, 67, 70 Chemicals, see Agricultural chemicals Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, 95-96 Communications, see Telecommunications Completer products and services, 20, 31, 66, 70, 71, 77, 78-79, 85, 97-99, 118 CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 education, 104 expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101 turnkey, 78-79 see also Data collection and processing; Data ownership and privacy; Intellectual property; Internet Conservation tillage, 94 Cooperative Research and Development Agreement' 95 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, 91 Copyright, see Intellectual property Copyright Act, 111 Corn, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70 Cost factors, 12, 72, 119 aerial vs satellite imagery, 38 agricultural machinery, 70-71, 80-81 floater/variable-rate technologies, 3334 chemicals dealers, 77 cost-benefit analysis, 51, 81-82, 87, 89 INDEX diffusion of technology, 67, 68-69, 7072 environmental benefits vs costs, 87, 89 fertilizers, 56 fixed, 70 human capital, 70, 71 inputs, 73 long-term, 72-73 nutrient assays, 4 pest control, 60, 81 remote sensing, 38, 72-73 sampling strategies, 97 subfield management, 21 telecommunications, private investment, 106-107 weed management, 80-81 Cotton, 47, 50-51, 63, 71, 77, 86 Crop models, 5, 101-103 aerial photography, 40 ground-based sensors, 34 production, 39-40, 49-50, 53, 101 remote sensing, 36, 37, 38 spatial dimension, 39-40, 49-50, 53 Crop yield, see Agricultural production; Agricultural productivity D Data collection and processing, 5, 17, 18, 92, 109, 118-119 crop consultant, profile, 26-27 data sharing, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 87-88, 99100, 103, 106, 111 decision support systems, 41, 42-43 environmental monitoring, 87-88, 111 geographic information systems, 5, 3031 geographic scales, 19-20 georeferencing, 7, 22, 28-30 methodology, 96-99, 100-101 Natural Resources Inventory, 115-116 public sector role, 10-11, 97, 112-119 regional, 7, 111-112 soil, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116 spatial dimension, 22, 23 standards, 7-8, 10, 97-98, 114, 118 see also Image processing

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From page 143...

... INDEX Data ownership and privacy, 6, 7, 10, 92, 108, 110-112, 118 see also Intellectual property Decision support systems, 1, 4, 5, 11-12, 18, 40-43, 104 crop/information technology/decisionmaking linkage, 46 data collection/processing, 41, 42-43 expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101 [arm size/structure impacts, 81-82 georeferencing, 28 precision agriculture defined, 2 spatial dimension, 41-42 theory, 100 weather, 61 weed management, 41-42 Department of Agriculture, 3, 7 Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91 date management, 10, 116 evaluation/coordination role, 9, 10, 99 R&D, 90-92, 101 Department of Defense, 93 see also Global Positioning System Differential Global Positioning System, 29, 32, 33, 61, 63 Doppler radar, 61-62 Dissemination of research, see Technology diffusion Drip irrigation, 67, 68, 70, 85 EEconomic factors, 6, 11-12, 14, 105 evaluation, 9, 74-76, 99-101 farm/size structure, 12-13, 81-85, 88 forestry, 57 information technology, evaluation of impacts on, 74-76 profitability, 9, 12, 45, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 96 vertical integration, 85 see also Cost factors; Employment issues; Funding; Private sector Economic Research Service, 115 Education and training, 5-6, 104-106 computer use, 104 continuing professional, 6, 105 143 GPS, 104 land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 private sector reticence, 93, 94 public sector role, general, 3, 90, 92 see also Technical assistance; Technology diffusion Employment issues, 3, 13, 79-81, 88 age of farmers, 81 government research agencies, 91 human capital, 70, 71 pesticides, farmworker safety, 61 rural development, 13, 79-81 Environmental issues, vi, 3, 9, 11-14 (passim) , 85-89, 119 conservation tillage, 94 cost-benefit factors, 87, 89 data collection/processing, 87-88, 111 export markets for technology, 107 evaluation, 99, 100, 103-104 fertilizers, 13-14, 55-56, 85-86, 87 forestry, 57 landscape analysis, 23 pest control, 13-14, 60, 61, 85-86, 87 private sector investment, 94-95 public sector role, 96, 101, 102 standards, 98 Equipment, see Agricultural machinery Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 98 Erosion, 23 Evaluation agricultural inputs, general, 97, 100 101, 103 CRADA, 95-96 databases, 111 DOA role, 9, 10, 99 economic factors, 9, 74-76, 99-101 environmental issues, 99, 100, 103-104 fertilizer application, 73, 76 information technology, economic impacts of, 74-76 methodology, 9, 10, 18, 96-101, 103 public sector role, 9, 10, 96-101 see also Economic factors; Environmental issues; Standards Evapotranspiration, 23, 24-25, 36, 39 Expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101

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From page 144...

... 144 Extension services, see Agricultural extension services F Farm size/structure decision support systems, 81-82 economic factors, 12-13, 81-85, 88 Federal Geographic Data Committee, 98 Federal Technology Transfer Act, 95 Fertilizers, 51, 55-59, 102 cost factors, 56 harvest timing, 48 pollution, 13-14, 55-56, 85-86, 87 spatial dimension, 55, 58-59 subfield scale, 73, 101 synthetic, 44 variable-rate technologies, 33, 65-66, 76 Floaters, 33-34, 65 Foreign trade, 107 Forestry management, 2 site-specific, 56-57 Freedom of Information Act, 110- 111 Harvest, 63 Fruit growth, 46-47 Fruit yield, 31 Funding CRADA, 95-96 disclosure, 9 GPS, 91 Internet, 91 land grant universities, 105 machinery, 93 private, 92-95 public, 93, 95, 96 Agricultural Research Service, 91, 92 other USDA funding, 92 G General Accounting Office, 107 Genetic engineering, see Biotechnology Geographic information systems, 5, 30-33, 39-40, 49, 59, 78, 94, 97, 111, 115, 117 data collection/processing, 5, 30-31 decision support systems, 28 INDEX education, 104 forestry, 56, 57 Georeferencing, 7, 28 data collection/processing, 7, 22, 28-30 see also Global Positioning System Geostatistics, 4, 5 kriging, 59 GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29 Global Positioning System, 5, 28-33 (passim) , 38, 78, 90, 108 education, 104 forestry, 56 harvest, 63 pesticides, 61 private sector role, 94 real-time sensing, 29 Grains, 31, 66, 70, 76 Grid soil sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 Groundbased sensors, 34-35, 97 floaters, 33-34, 65 H fertilizers, 48 forestry, 56 GPS, 63 machinery costs, 80-81 plant population data, 53 timing, 46, 48 vegetative-to-fruit growth, 47 Herbicides, 51, 60-61 forestry, 56 resistant plant varieties, 52 Humidity measurements, 62-63 I Image processing, 5, 10-11, 36 crop consultant, profile, 26 Infrared sensing, 37 vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48 Inputs, see Agricultural inputs Insect control, see Pest control Integrated pest management, 12, 59-61, 66, 85, 101

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From page 145...

... INDEX Intellectual property, copyright/patents, 108-112, 118 CRADA, 95 private sector dilemma, 93-94 remote sensing, 108 see also Data ownership and privacy Interferometry, 40 Internet, 12, 2O, 91, 106, 107-108 CIMIS, 23-25 weather, 62 Investment, see Funding IPM, see Integrated pest management Irrigation center pivot, 67, 70 CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 cotton, 47 drip, 67, 68, 70, 85 harvest timing and, 48 low-volume, 66, 67-70, 83, 85 variable-rate technologies, 33 I50 8211, 98, 99 K Kriging, 59 145 geographic information systems, 30-31, 49 geostatistics and, 4 GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29 humidity, 63 product quality, 63 sensing techniques, general, 5 soil, general, 73, 101 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-11, 116-117 variable-rate technologies, 32, 33 weeds, 42, 53 see also Global Positioning System; Yield mapping systems Marketing, 6, 12, 63 databases, 111 diffusion of technology, 69 harvest dates predicted, 46 Models and modeling cotton growth, 50-51 L crop/information technology/decisionmaking linkage, 46 crop/pest interactions, 102, 103 forestry, 56-57 multivariate, 48-51, 100, 103 soil, 101-103 spatial, general, 4, 19-20 Land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, 38 LANDSAT remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119 Landscape analysis, 23 Legal issues, see Data ownership and privacy; Intellectual property Lewin-Kolb model, 19 LIDAR, 57 Livestock, 2, 93, 98 Local agencies, see State and local agencies M Machinery, see Agricultural machinery Maps and mapping fertility, 73 see also Crop models; Decision support systems; Kriging Multivariate analysis, 48-51, 100, 103 N NASA, see Landsat remote sensing National Agricultural Statistics Service, 114-115 National Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116-117 National Information Infrastructure Council/Task Force, 108, 111 Natural Resources Conservation Service, 10, 115-117 see also National Cooperative Soil Survey Natural Resources Inventory, 115- 116

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From page 146...

... 146 o Occupational safety and health, pesticides, 61 On-line systems, see Internet; Telecommunications Open GIS Foundation, 98 p Patents, see Intellectual property PC-Plant Protection, 41 Pest control, 4, 16, 17, 40, 44, 51, 59-61 cost factors, 60, 81 crop production modeling, 39 decision support systems, 41-42 environmental issues, 60, 61 GPS, 61 ground-based sensors, 35 humidity, 62-63 pollutants, 13-14, 60, 61, 85-86, 87 R&D policy, 102 scouting, 16, 83 soil, 60 spatial dimension, general, 60-61 subfield management, 21, 41-42 see also Integrated pest management; Weed management Photosynthesis, 39 Plant control, see Herbicides; Weed management Plant diseases, 21 scouting, 16, 83 Pollution, see Environmental issues Precision agricultural, general, 119 ancillary uses, 77 components, 65 conventional vs. 9, 16-17, 44, 48-51, 87,93,94, 101 defined, 2, 17- 18 export markets for technology, 107 farm size/structure impacts, 12- 13, 81 85, 88 high- vs low-value crops, 77 management factors, 51-52 NAS study focus, 18- 19 service/product provision, forms, 77-79 INDEX systems approach, 48-49, 100, 101 Privacy, see Data ownership and privacy Private sector, vi, 5, 90 agricultural machinery, 93 biotechnology, 94 data processing, 11 diffusion of technology, 90, 91-92 education, 93, 94 environmental protection, 94-95 evaluation, 9, 99, 101 funding levels, 92-9S GPS, 94 professional societies, 6, 98, 99, 106 public sector cooperation, 95-96, 98, 100-101, 114-115, 118 R&D, 90, 93-94 telecommunications infrastructure, 106107 weather satellites, 61-62 Production, see Agricultural production Productivity, see Agricultural productivity Professional societies, 6, 98, 99, 106 Profitability, 9, 12, 45, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 96 Public sector role, vi, 3, 5, 90, 90-119 data collection and processing, 10- 11, 97, 112-119 diffusion of technology, 90-92, 100-101 education, general, 3, 90, 92 environmental protection, 96, 101, 102 evaluation, 9, 10, 96-101 federal agencies other than DOA, 91, 116, 119 funding, 93, 95, 96 Agricultural Research Service, 91, 92 other USDA funding, 92 land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 private sector cooperation, 95-96, 98, 100-101, 114-115, 118 R&D, 3, 90-96, 101-104 standards, 97-99, 118 telecommunications, 106-108 weather satellites, 61-62 see also Department of Agriculture; State and local agencies; other public agencies

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... INDEX R Real-time processing, 4 Global Positioning System, 29 ground-based, 34-35 spatial data, 22 variable-rate technologies, 32-33 weather, 20, 62 Regional dimension, 23-25 databases, 7, 111- 112 weather, 61, 62 Remote sensing, 5, 35-39, 101 cost of, 38, 72-73 crop growth graphs from, 47-48 crop models, 36, 37, 38 forestry, 56-57 image processing, 5, 10- 11, 26, 36 intellectual property issues, 108 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, 38 LAND SAT remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119 privacy issues, 110-111 soil and crop variability, 54 spatial data, 22, 36-38, 48 telecommunications, local access, 108 variable-rate technologies, 32, 33 vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48 see also Aerial photography; Infrared sensing Research and development, 27-28 Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91 decision theory, 100 DOA role, 90-92, 101 fertility, 90-91 funding, 91, 92, 93, 95-96 groundbased sensors, 34-35 multidisciplinary, 5, 6-7 pest control, 102 private sector role, 90, 93-94 public sector role, 3, 90-96, 101-104 public/pr~vate sector cooperation, 95-96 state agricultural experiment stations, 92, 94, 95 traditional as emergent, 2, 3-6, 44, 48-51 see also Biotechnology; Case studies; Evaluation; Technology diffusion Russia, 29 147 Rural development, vi, 88-89 employment, 13, 79-81 telecommunications, 11, 13, 106-108 see also Farm size/structure S Satellite technology, 35-36, 37, 38, 106, 115, 119 cost factors, 38 CIMIS, 25 GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29 Landsat remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119 private sector, 61-62 weather, 61-62, 115 see also Global Positioning System Scouting, 16, 83 Seasonal factors, 48, 50 Seeds, 52-53, 86 germplasm, 44 Sensing and sensors, 4-5 real-time sensing, 4, 20, 22, 29, 32-35, 62 see also Ground-based sensors; Image processing; Remote sensing; Spectroscopy Social factors, vi, 11, 13, 105, 119 see also Employment issues Soil science, 3, 16, 51, 53-59, 67 aerial photography, 54 cation exchange capacity, 32 CIMIS, 23-25 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116 data collection, general, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116 depth assessments, 53 erosion, 23 fertility research, 73, 90-91 forestry, 56-57 georeferencing, 28 grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 groundbased sensors, 34-35 mapping, general, 73, 101 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116-117

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From page 148...

... 148 modeling, 101-103 nutrient assays, 4, 35 pesticides, 60 phosphorus, 32, 35, 58, 56, 57-58, 73 plant genetics, drought-prone soils, 52 plant population, 52-53 potassium, 35, 56, 73 remote sensing, 54 R&D policy, 102 spatial dimension, 54, 113, 114 grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 stochastic processes, 49 subfield management, 21, 49, 101 variable-rate technologies, 32 see also Fertilizers Soybean, 70, 77, 86 Spatial Data Transfer Standard, 98 Spatial dimension, 5, 6, 17, 51 CIMIS, 23-25 crop production modeling, 39-40, 4950, 53 data management, 22, 23 decision support systems, 41-42 fertilizer, 55, 58-59 forestry, 56 geographic scales of application, 19-26 heterogeneity, 44 intellectual property issues, 108 landscape analysis, 23 methodology, 96 103 pest control, 60-61 subfield management, 21, 41-42 regional, 7, 23-25, 61, 62, 111-112 :remote sensing, 22, 36-38, 48 sampling strategies, 97 soil and crop variability, 54, 113, 114 grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113 standards, 99 subfield management, 21, 41-42, 49, 50,62,73,97, 101, 111 variable-rate technologies, 32-34 weather, 61 yield monitors, 22, 31 see also Georeferencing; Global Positioning System; Maps and mapping Spectroscopy, 37 INDEX soil and crop variability, 54 see also Infrared sensing Standards, 7-8, 10, 97-99, 113, 114, 118 agricultural machinery, 98 data collection/processing, 7-8, 10, 9798, 114, 118 diffusion of technology, 7-8, 10, 97-98 environmental, 98 150 8211, 98, 99 public sector role, 97-99, 118 spatial dimension, 99 telecommunications, 99 State and local agencies CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, 91 data processing and transfer, 11 land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105 state agricultural experiment stations, 92, 94, 95, 99 telecommunications regulation, 107 Statistics multivariate, 48-51, 100, 103 regression analysis, 100, 103 stochastic processes, 49-50 see also Data collection and processing; Data ownership and privacy; Geostatistics Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act, 95 Stochastic processes, 49-50 Subfield dimension, 50, 97, 111 agricultural inputs, general, 73, 101 cost factors, 21 fertilizers, 73, 101 pest control, 21, 41-42 plant diseases, 21 soils, 21, 49, 101 weather, 21, 49-50 Systems approach, general, 48-49, 100, 101 T Technical assistance Cooperative Soil Survey, 10

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From page 149...

... , 83 cost factors, 67, 68-69, 70-72 data ownership and privacy, 6, 7, 10, 92 data sharing, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 87-88, 99100, 103, 106 marketing, 69 private sector role, 90, 91-92 public sector role, 90-92, 100- 101 standards, 7-8, 10, 97-98 Telecommunications, 11, 13, 106- 108 agricultural extension services, 11, 107 private investment, 106- 107 public sector role, 106-108 remote sensing, local access, 108 spatial scales and, 20 standards, 99 rural development, 11, 13, 106-108 weather data, 62 see also California Irrigation Management Information System; Internet Telecommunications Deregulation Act of 1996, 11, 107 Temporal dimension, 17 crop production modeling, 40, 49-50 fertilizer, 55 management factors, general, 51 pesticides, 60-61 seasonal factors, 48, 50 weather, 61 see also Harvest; Seasonal factors Topography, 67 Training, see Education and training Turnkey systems, software, 78 U USDA, see Department of Agriculture 149 V Variable-rate technology, 32-34, 38, 59, 65-66, 73, 76, 86-87, 97-98 cost, 33-34 fertilizers, 33, 65-66, 76 irrigation, 33 mapping, 32, 33 real-time processing, 32-33 remote sensing, 32, 33 soils, 32 spatial dimension, 32-34 Vegetable yield, 31 Vegetables, 77 Vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48 VRT, see Variable rate technology W Weather, 5, 17, 20, 37, 61-63, 67 CIMIS, 23-25, 66, 68 decision support systems, 61 Doppler radar, 61-62 evapotranspiration, 23, 24-25, 36, 39 forestry, 56-57 humidity, 62-63 precipitation, 62 real-time processing, 20, 62 satellites, 61-62, 115 stochastic factor, 49-50 subfield management, 21, 49-50 weather data, 11, 23-25, 66, 68, 107 Weed management, 60 decision support systems, 41-42 machinery costs, 80-81 mapping, 42, 53 plant population data, 53 scouting, 16, 83 see also Herbicides WeedSOFT, 42, 43 y Yield mapping systems, 31, 38, 45, 49, 53,63,66, 115 fertilizers, 55 Yield monitors, 22, 31, 38, 66, 78, 100, 115

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