Biographical Memoirs Volume 47 (1975) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
7 Edward C. Kendall
7 Edward C. Kendall
Pages 248-291
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 248... ...
~ :~ ~~: ~ ~ S:f-Y:; :~:ff' k -~:~:':~ ~ ~ ~~.~'~"" _ _ .~ ~~ ~ .f .
|
From page 249... ...
. ~ EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL isolated thyroxine from the thyroid gland; he and associates crystallized glutathione and established its chemical structure; and he and associates isolated a series of steroid compounds from the adrenal cortex and contributed importantly to the determination of the structure and synthesis of several of them.
|
From page 250... ...
Kendall observed that the amount of reducing sugar produced by given amounts of amylase varied considerably, and he identified sodium chloride as the factor causing the variability; the presence of the salt enhanced the activity of amylase severalfold. His first paper reported this research in the Journal of the American Chemical Society; Professor Sherman was co-author.
|
From page 251... ...
Kendall began working in the chemical laboratory of Parke Davis and Company; his assignment was to isolate the hormone of the thyroid gland. He stayed five months.
|
From page 252... ...
Dr. Kendall was invited to join the staff of the Mayo Clinic and he began his research there on February 1, 1914.
|
From page 253... ...
At that point, the Mayo Clinic closed its research on the chemistry of the thyroid hormone.
|
From page 254... ...
The Section of Biochemistry at the Mayo Clinic was involved in basic research, graduate education, and performing clinical biochemistry. The last-named function was directed by Dr.
|
From page 255... ...
Kendall with a plea to prepare adrenal cortical extract. The challenge was accepted, but Dr.
|
From page 256... ...
Giles A Koelsche, a Fellow in Biochemistry, carried out an important study of the effects of thyroxine and of adrenal cortical hormones on nitrogen balance in dogs.
|
From page 257... ...
These were depression days and the Mayo Clinic did not accept any outside support for any of its functions.
|
From page 258... ...
When I asked Dr. Kendall for a sample of adrenal cortical extract, he suggested that I first test lactyl epinephrine.
|
From page 259... ...
The benefit to both the dogs and rats was due to the presence of free catecholamine and represented only a pharmacologic effect. When I treated "fatigued" adrenalectomized rats with adrenal cortical extract supplied by Dr.
|
From page 260... ...
Arthur Grollman at Johns Hopkins Medical School reported the isolation of crystalline material from adrenal cortical extracts and that the crystals sustained the life of adrenalectomized rats. These claims were not independently confirmed and the chemical nature of his crystalline material was not fully determined.
|
From page 261... ...
Dr. Kendall supplied adrenal cortical extract to Mayo Clinic physicians to treat patients with Addison's disease.
|
From page 262... ...
Oskar Wintersteiner at Columbia University. Wintersteiner was a superb organic chemist, who had mastered the methods of microanalysis: The Wintersteiner group began to isolate crystalline compounds at about the same time as the Kendall group.
|
From page 263... ...
dehorn of Johns Hopkins Hospital found this steroid to be highly potent in sustaining the life of adrenalectomized animals and of patients with Addison's disease. Only minute amounts were found in adrenal cortical extracts.
|
From page 264... ...
Dr. Kendall neither tested ideas in private nor concealed his mistakes, as many of us do.
|
From page 265... ...
Kendall for a time. Before shifting his interests to other problems, Mason prepared a noncrystalline residue of adrenal cortical extract that was far more potent than 11-desoxycorticosterone in sustaining the life of adrenalectomized animals.
|
From page 266... ...
Prior to the direct involvement of the United States, our armed services and the National Research Council began to organize and set priorities for research to support military medicine. Attention focused on a rumor that Germany was buying beef adrenal glands in South America for the purpose of making adrenal cortical extract.
|
From page 267... ...
By the middle of 1944 all members of the collaborating groups, except those of Mayo's and Merck, stopped research on the synthesis of Compound A By then the biological studies on the usefulness of adrenal cortical extract and adrenal steroids in raising resistance to hypoxia, surgical and traumatic shock, and other stressors had yielded largely negative results.
|
From page 268... ...
Hench of the Mayo Clinic had observed that patients with rheumatoid arthritis sometimes go into remission when they become jaundiced and that some women have relief from arthritis when they become pregnant. He postulated that some humoral substance formed during jaundice and during
|
From page 269... ...
In September of 1948 some synthetic Compound E was injected into a female patient. It came from a supply that had been prepared at the Mayo Clinic by Vernon Mattox from a precursor (4,5-,8-dihydrocortisone acetate ~ supplied by Merck and Co.
|
From page 270... ...
In 1941 a strange, brilliant man named Valey Menkin demonstrated that adrenal cortical extract and Compound E would suppress inflammation in laboratory animals. Most of us ignored the research of Menkin.
|
From page 271... ...
These diseases are not caused by a deficiency of adrenal cortical hor" manes and prolonged treatment with the amounts of corticoids
|
From page 272... ...
His quest included the extracting of adrenal glands and the attempted synthesis of postulated formulae. He worked toward this general objective for almost all of his remaining life.
|
From page 273... ...
Once when a younger associate asked permission to spend some time at another problem, Dr. Kendall replied, "I arrant to grow a great big oak tree; I am not interested in a bunch of blackberry bushes." In his autobiography he writes of the driving force that keeps a scientist at an important goal, and he adds, "But two components of the drive can be understood and are appreciated by almost everyone.
|
From page 274... ...
, University of Edinburgh 1951 Heberden Award, Heberden Society of London 1952 Kober Award, Association of American Physicians 1961 Alexander Hamilton Medal, Alumni of Columbia College 1965 Scientific Achievement Award, American Medical Association HONORARY DEGREES (DOCTOR OF SCIENCE) 1922 University of Cincinnati 1950 Western Reserve University 1950 Williams College 1950 Yale University 1951 Columbia University
|
From page 275... ...
American Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine American Society of Experimental Pathology Association of American Physicians Endocrine Society (President, 1930-1931) National Academy of Sciences Sigma Xi HONORARY MEMBER Columbian Society of Endocrinology Heberden Society, London Royal Society of Medicine of England Swedish Society of Endocrinology 275
|
From page 276... ...
Mayo Clin. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic Trans.
|
From page 277... ...
Chem., 19:241-56. The isolation in crystalline form of the compound containing iodin which occurs in the thyroid: its chemical nature and physiological activity.
|
From page 278... ...
Recent advances in our knowledge of the active constituent of the thyroid: its chemical nature and function. .~.-Lancet, 37:366-67.
|
From page 279... ...
The chemical influence of the active constituents of the ductless glands. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 32: 205-9.
|
From page 280... ...
The seasonal variations in the iodine and thyroxine content of the thyroid gland.
|
From page 281... ...
The physiologic action and chemical nature of the active principle in the suprarenal gland essential to life.
|
From page 282... ...
Isolation in crystalline form of the hormone essential to life from the suprarenal cortex: its chemical nature and physiologic properties. Trans.
|
From page 283... ...
Vitamin C and the adrenal cortical hormone.
|
From page 284... ...
Mann. The influence of cortin and sodium chloride on carbohydrate and mineral metabolism in adrenalectomized dogs.
|
From page 285... ...
Med., 45: 602-6. Some observations of the physiologic activity of the thyroid.
|
From page 286... ...
Steroids derived from bile acids.
|
From page 287... ...
The effects of the adrenal cortical hormone 17hydroxy-l l-dehydrocorticosterone (compound E) on the acute phase of rheumatic fever: preliminary report.
|
From page 288... ...
Mayo Clin., 24:298-301. The chemistry and partial synthesis of adrenal steroids.
|
From page 289... ...
XII. Adrenal cortical hormones: introduction of a double bond.
|
From page 290... ...
(Cameron Prize Lecture) Edinburgh Medical journal, 59:1.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.