Biographical Memoirs Volume 47 (1975) / Chapter Skim
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9 John Rodman Paul
9 John Rodman Paul
Pages 322-369
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From page 323... ...
This interest was further encouraged when the Paul family settled in Chestnut Hill, then an open suburb of Philadelphia, 323
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From page 324... ...
A love of the out-of-doors was a deep and sustaining influence throughout John Paul's life, as well as the source of many of his hobbies— bird watching, archeology, wood carving, building stone walls, watercoloring, and photography, etc. It was also responsible for his being an active and articulate conservationist as early as the 1930s, long before the need for preservation of the environment became a popular cause.
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From page 325... ...
the medical contingent "consisting of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Unit, a hastily assembled and motley group of raw recruits, occupied a place befitting their military experience—far astern and deep in the bowels of the ship." After eighteen long days at sea, often in submarine-infested waters, the overcrowded ships finally reached St. Nazaire, where the men received a warm welcome from the French.
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From page 326... ...
By a fortunate stroke of fate, Paul missed the ship on which he was scheduled to return—one that was torpedoed and lost—and came through on another, which sailed successfully from Brest to New York. Shortly after his arrival in Baltimore, the 1918 influenza epidemic erupted and the wards of the Johns Hopkins Hospital were filled with desperately ill patients, many of them professors and staff members.
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From page 327... ...
R Paul, "A Clinician's Place in Academic Preventive Medicine: My Favorite Hobby," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 47(1971)
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From page 328... ...
test for infectious mononucleosis, and the demonstration that the commonest clinical expression of infection with polioviruses is not paralysis, but the "minor illness" or "abortive" form of the disease that is often so mild as to go unrecognized. The seeds of the scientific philosophy that characterized his later work at Yale, and in fact ran throughout his entire professional life, were planted early in John Paul's mind—when he was a second-year medical student.
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From page 329... ...
In his presidential address to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1938, he said: "The term, Clinical Investigation in Preventive Medicine, ~ Paul, "Clinician's Place," p.
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Clinical Investigation in Epidemiology is better for the purposes at hand; Clinical Epidemiology is best, and really what I mean.... It is a science concerned with circumstances, whether they are 'functional' or 'organic' under which human disease is prone to develop.
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From page 331... ...
R Paul, "Clinical Epidemiology," Journal of Clinical Investigation 17(1938)
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From page 332... ...
The results with sera of rheumatic patients were negative, but quite by accident, among the control specimens from patients with serum sickness and various other acute illnesses, there was one with an extraordinarily high titer higher than had ever been described in serum sickness or any other clinical condition. The patient from whom the specimen came was a medical student with infectious mononucleosis.
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From page 333... ...
R Paul, "From the Notebook of John Rodman Paul," Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 34(1961-62)
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From page 334... ...
There they became particularly interested in the Mimbreno tribe, whose pottery designs were unusual in that they were zoomorphic. Paul collected and photographed many rare specimens; his interest culminated in a fine exhibition of Mimbreno pottery, which he displayed in 1956 at the Yale Art Gallery, working with art students in gathering materials and preparing and illustrating the catalogue with his own drawings.
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From page 335... ...
The results indicated that rheumatic heart disease was ten times more prevalent in those living close to Canada than in children living on the Mexican border. Back in New Haven in 1937, work on poliomyelitis went forward rapidly.
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From page 336... ...
Paul and Trask's confirmation of the presence of virus in the intestinal tract opened a whole new era in research on poliomyelitis: it turned investigators away from the unfruitful experiments with laboratory-adapted strains that had led to false conclusions and an incorrect characterization of poliovirus as a strictly neurotropic agent. The swine of the norm heck ~ ~ rig to clinical investigation and field epidemiology led rapidly to the demonstration by the Yale group that during epidemics the virus is shed not only from the throat and intestinal tract, but is also present in sewage and in flies that feed on feces.
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From page 337... ...
Paul concluded that the paucity of cases among the local inhabitants did not denote absence of the virus, but quite the opposite. The presence of infantile paralysis denoted probable wide dissemination of the agent in a population living in a poor sanitary environment:
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It was in connection with these efforts that he coined the term "serological epidemiology" to describe an approach that in his hands had yielded discoveries of fundamental importance. The other two diseases that the Virus Commission was assigned to investigate, hepatitis and sandily fever, were both continuous sources of enormous morbidity in the U.S.
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From page 339... ...
. clinical and environmental virology, including the role of insects and animals as vectors of human disease, etc." ~ Paul struggled in the not too favorable climate of the 1940s and 1950s to bring his concepts of clinical epidemiology to medical students, house staff, fellows, and faculty.
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From page 340... ...
At Yale they absorbed the philosophy of clinical epidemiology that permeated Paul's laboratory, while participating in ongoing studies on rheumatic fever, arthritis, streptococcal infections, measles, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, and particularly poliomyelitis. Work on poliomyelitis was in full swing in the Yale laboratory in the 1940s and 1950s, and some of Dr.
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From page 341... ...
In the l950s Paul and his colleagues conducted small and large field trials of the Sabin strains in the United States and in Central America, with special emphasis on the unique opportunity that the live virus vaccine afforded to do experimental epidemiology in humans. These studies contributed not only to establishing the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines, but they also provided precise information about the incubation period of the infection, the capacity of polioviruses to spread among susceptible contacts, the prevalence and interfering ef
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From page 342... ...
For fifteen years he was Director of the Commission on Viral and Rickettsial Infections of the Armed Forces Epidemiologic Board, and for twenty years, a member of several of the WHO Expert Committees on Viral Diseases. In 1956 he also served as the leader of the first medical mission under governmental auspices to visit the Soviet Union.
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From page 343... ...
They turned to the Yale Laboratory, and serologic tests on the collection of sera obtained from Yale students on entry to college, together with serial specimens from those who developed the disease during the ensuing four years, provided strong confirmatory evidence of the role of EBV in infectious mononucleosis. Although at this time he was not immediately involved in the work, Dr.
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A reporter for the New York Times had published an article in the Sunday science section hailing the Yale authors and the Henles for the remarkable discovery that EBV is probably the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis.
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From page 345... ...
R) Commission, A History of the Early Years of the Virus Inf ections Commission, and A ddendum to the History of the Neurotropic Virus Commission, which completed his earlier account written shortly after World War II, when military censorship was still in effect.
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~ E Atkins, "John Rodman Paul, M.D.," Yale Medicine (Fall/Winter 1971)
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From page 347... ...
Bull. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin I
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From page 348... ...
Atlantic Medical Journal, 24:684-86. Post mortem blood sugar determinations.
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A Preliminary Report with Special Reference to Environmental Factors in Rheumatic Heart
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The presence of heterophile antibodies in infectious mononucleosis.
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From page 351... ...
A comparative study of recently isolated human strains and a passage strain of poliomyelitis virus.
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Climate and rheumatic heart disease. A survey among American Indian school children in northern and southern localities.
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Identification of a strain of poliomyelitis virus from feces in non-paralytic poliomyelitis.
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The detection of poliomyelitis virus in flies. Science, 94:395-96.
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Intracutaneous inoculation of poliomyelitis virus in monkeys and its detection in their stools.
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Recent advances in the study of infectious hepatitis and serum jaundice. Trans.
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A proposed provisional definition of poliomyelitis virus. Science, 108:701-5.
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Observations on serological epidemiology. Antibodies to the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in sera from Alaskan Eskimos.
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From page 359... ...
Antibodies to three different a~tigenic types of poliomyelitis virus in sera from North Alaskan Eskimos.
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From page 360... ...
Infectious hepatitis and serum hepatitis. In: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, Ed ea., ed.
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A survey of poliomyelitis virus antibodies in French Morocco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 4:512-24.
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From page 362... ...
Infectious mononucleosis. In: Practice of Medicine, 6th ea., ed.
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From page 363... ...
Infectious mononucleosis. In: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, ad ea., ed.
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From page 364... ...
The capacity of live attenuated polioviruses to cause human infection and to spread within families. In: Live Poliovirus Vaccines.
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From page 365... ...
In: Live Poliovirus Vaccines. Papers Presented and Discussions Held at the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines, pp.
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(Presentation of the Kober Medal for 1963 to John Rodman Paul, by P
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From page 367... ...
Infectious mononucleosis. In: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 4th ea., ed.
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From page 368... ...
In: National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, 44:57-110. Washington, D.C.: Nationa Academy of Sciences.
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