Biographical Memoirs Volume 47 (1975) / Chapter Skim
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11 Jack Schultz
11 Jack Schultz
Pages 392-423
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From page 393... ...
Jack Schultz was born in Astoria, Long Island, New York, on May 7, 1904, the eldest of three sons of Morris and Bessie (Krones) Schultz.
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From page 394... ...
Besides being associated with the group that founded the Jewish daily newspaper, Forward, he soon became engaged in various businesses, mostly in establishing and operating neighborhood grocery stores in various industrial communities in the New York City vicinity: west New York, Astoria, Passaic, Clifton, and finally, Long Beach. He was always closely and sympathetically involved with the factory workers to whom he supplied food.
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From page 395... ...
His teachers and older relatives considered him a brilliant and independent, but highly impractical, boy. During these years Jack took violin lessons and frequently accompanied his mother on her Saturday afternoon expeditions to the Metropolitan Opera House.
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From page 396... ...
His Ph.D. thesis showed that the large "Minute" class of mutations in Drosophila all produced nearly identical somatic effects, and yet occurred at many different loci.
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From page 397... ...
Although she was at that time acting as Assistant in Mathematics, she was fascinated by the Drosophila work and was encouraged to carry out simple experiments using the sex-linked lethal genes then being extensively studied by Muller and Altenburg. For graduate work she went to the University of California at Berkeley, where in the department of zoology she served as Teaching Fellow and · 1 1 ~' ~ ~ .
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From page 398... ...
The results of her experiments may be briefly sum marized: In the first place, there were demonstrated, in structural homozygotes with normal sequence, hitherto unsuspected positive and negative correlations of crossing-over in given regions of nonhomologous chromosomes. Some of the positive correlations were believed to be the result of response to common environmental factors, such as the persistence of the polarized pattern of pairing of chromosomes seen at meiosis.
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From page 399... ...
~ · . ~ ~ T · ~ ~ ~ ~ With Morgan and Bridges (and after DIlQ~S Learn, warn viola curry; ne co-authored eleven of the group's annual reports to the Carnegie Institution under the title, "Constitution of the germinal material in relation to heredity." Today such a title would imply that the group was reporting results in molecular biology, but the reports actually concerned the classical genetics of Drosophila: descriptions of new mutants, dose effects in sex determination, position effects, the elaboration of salivary gland chromosome maps, effects of X rays on crossingover, etc.
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From page 400... ...
Jack and his family spent two very pleasant and stimulating years with their new Swedish friends in Stockholm; those with whom they formed especially warm and long-lasting friendships included the Casperssons, the Gert Bonniers, and the John Runnstroms. In the laboratory, Jack and Caspersson soon showed that there is indeed a relation between the metabolism of the two kinds of nucleic acids: The nucleolus was found to contain large amounts of pentose nucleic acid, whereas the chromosomes themselves largely contain deoxypentose nucleic acid.
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From page 401... ...
ended with a harried year spent partly as visiting professor with Lewis John Stadler, at Missouri, working on variegation in corn, partly at Cal Tech and partly at Woods Hole, not far from the Marine Laboratory of the Philadelphiabased Lankenau Hospital Research Institute at North Truro, Massachusetts. That same period saw the completion of a new review, this time from a chemical point of view, 'The Gene as a Chemical Unit,' much of which is still illuminating thirty years later.
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From page 402... ...
Lawrence were able to map two of the chromosomes associated faith the nucleolus in preparations of human pachytene chromosomes and to show that, like the pachytene chromosomes of other species, they have distinctive chromomere patterns. This area of research has been continued at The Institute for Cancer Research by Jack's former student, David Hungerford.
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From page 403... ...
Meanwhile, Jack had been accumulating sufficient funds to acquire the expensive microspectrophotometers necessary to make quantitative measurements of the nucleic acid contents of the bands in salivary gland chromosomes. Eventually he and George Rudkin were able to estimate the extent of polyteny of these chromosomes by comparing their DNA contents with those of chromosomes in other tissues.
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From page 404... ...
It should be remembered also that during the years at the Institute, he was devoting much time and energy to the general development and coordination of basic research there. Much more time and energy was spent, for example, on meetings elsewhere dealing faith grant applications or to the consideration and reviewing of such material as papers for publication (those by many outsiders as well as by Institute staff)
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From page 405... ...
Jack suggested to Robert Briggs, who was then at the Institute, that one way to test this would be to provide enucleated eggs with nuclei obtained from embryos at progressive stages of development. If the e~ then Ill ;~ ~ ~~ ~ -~ :~ ^1: ~1 1 .1_ _ _~D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~o ~ Cure ~na~v~aua~, tnIS would mean that the donor nucleus had not been irreversibly differentiated at the stage in question; on the other hand, if the development of the egg stopped at an earlier stage, the nucleus it received presumably had been irreversibly changed.
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From page 406... ...
Jack suggested that the difficulty might be overcome by working with haploid cells, i.e., cells that contain only one chromosome of each kind. For in such a haploid cell, one might expect that a mutation might be able to express itself phenotypically without having to overcome the influence of its wild type allele that would normally be present in a diploid cell.
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From page 407... ...
Jack had created an atmosphere in the Institute in which she felt free to undertake a major oroiect—that of ntnAllrin~ ~=i~lc J 1 -- J~ raw ~~4ll"~ with cellular genetic markers chosen at will. The plan was to combine cells of two early mouse embryos of different genetic origins and then implant the composite into a foster mother to develop into a single mosaic or allophonic animal.
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From page 408... ...
He and Helen especially enjoyed canoeing among the Elizabeth Islands during those summers spent by Morgan's group at Woods Hole and, during all of their life together, exploring at leisure villages and cities encountered both in this country and abroad, in a serious attempt to arrive at some real understanding of the life of all kinds of people. On the other hand, Jack was interested in the publicized personalities of competitive sports and talked to his friends about them—not because he cared for the popular sporting events, but rather because the participants (both the active and the passive)
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From page 409... ...
Reimann's retirement as director in 1956 produced a crisis, for it appeared that the Institute's Board might appoint a nonscientist to run the affairs of the Institute and that basic research might be jeopardized. Some of the senior staff left the Institute, but Jack, together with the embryologist Tom King, the crystallographer A
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From page 410... ...
The good fortune for all of us is that these great abilities were housed in a framework of love and compassion and concern for society. In addition, he had a foundation in philosophy and art almost equal to that which he had in science." In the spring of 1961, lack accepted an invitation from the Department of Genetics and his old friend, Curt Stern, to spend a term as visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
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From page 411... ...
He is sorely missed by all of us who knew him. THE EARLY HISTORY of Jack Schultz s parents and the story of Jack s early life were kindly made available by Mrs.
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From page 412... ...
Wash. Year Book Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book Cold Spring Harbor Symp.
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From page 413... ...
The relation of a dominant eye color in Drosophila melanogaster to the associated chromosome rearrangement. Genetics, 19:344-64.
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From page 414... ...
Heterochromatic regions and the nucleic acid metabolism of the chromosomes. Archiv fur experimentelle Zellforschung besonders Gewebezuchtung, 22: 650-53.
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From page 415... ...
Ribonucleic acids in both nucleus and cytoplasm, and the function of the nucleolus.
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From page 416... ...
Peptidase increase accompanying growth of the larval salivary gland of Drosophila melanogaster.
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From page 417... ...
Temin. Evidence for the equality of chromosomal material in white and wild-type bearing sections of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.
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From page 418... ...
Chemical determinations of the effect of the X and Y chromosomes of the nucleic acid content of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.
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From page 419... ...
Levenbook. Nucleic acids and their components as affected by the Y chromosome of Droso phila melanogaster.
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From page 420... ...
Changes in the base composition of RNA species during the embryonic development of Droso phila melanogaster.
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From page 421... ...
The three-dimensional fine structure of chromosomes in a prophase Drosophila nucleus. Chromosoma, 35: 383-92.
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From page 422... ...
T., 1971. Jack Schultz, May 7, 1904-April 29, 1971.
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