Biographical Memoirs Volume 71 (1997) / Chapter Skim
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LINUS CARL PAULING
LINUS CARL PAULING
Pages 221-262
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In 1922 he marries! Ava Helen Miller (cliec!
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Nobel Prizes (Marie Curie won one ant! sharer!
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them to his elclers by giving a seminar on the nature of the chemical bond. Thus was sparker!
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When he arrived the newly established institute consisted largely of the hopes of its three founders, the astronomer George Ellery Hale, the physicist Robert A Millikan, and the physical chemist Arthur Amos Noyes.
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Dickinson taught PauTing, who soon succeeclec! in determining the crystal structures of the mineral molybclenite MoS2 (Dickinson en c!
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first paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, submitter! by Sommerfelc!
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structural chemistry a new way of looking at molecules en c! crystals.
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by various authors to relate bond strengths to interatomic distances, but it seems fair to say that it is still the basis for the systematic description of inorganic structures.
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state atomic wave functions, then the interaction energy has a pronouncer! minimum at a distance of about 2 a.u.
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on a perturbation moclel, a combination of atomic wave functions in which the two electrons, with opposite spins, change places. More generally, the energy of the electron-pair bone!
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In the very first paper Pauling (1931) set out his program of developing simple quantum mechanical treatments to provicle information about "the relative strengths of boncis former!
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Resonance: In attempting to explain the quantum-mechanical exchange phenomenon responsible for the stability of the chemical bond, Heitler and London had used a classical analogy originally due to Heisenberg. In quantum mechanics a frequency v = E/h can be associates!
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to "resonance energy." Through his resonance concept Pauling reconcilec! the chemist's structural formulas with simplifier!
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other cases simple molecular orbital theory proviclec! immediate en c!
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in the book baser! on PauTing's Baker lectures, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, probably the most influential book on chemistry this century.
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announcer! what became clear to biochemists in general only many years later: I think that enzymes are molecules that are complementary in structure to the activated complexes of the reactions that they catalyse, that is, to the molecular configuration that is intermediate between the reacting substances and the products of reaction for these catalysed processes.
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This result showed that in oxygenated blood, the O2 molecule is attached to the ~1 1 1 · 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 , · , Iron atom of hemoglobin by a covalent bond that it was not just a matter of oxygen being somehow dissolved in the protein. Magnetic susceptibility measurements could also yield equilibrium constants and rates for many reactions involving addition of molecules and ions to ferro- and ferrihemogiobin.
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Complementariness enters the picture in 1940, when Max Delbruck ~ ~ 906-S ~ ~ and Pauling published their refutation of a proposal of Pascal {orcian, according to which a quantum-mechanical stabilizing interaction between iclentical or nearly identical molecules might influence biological molecular synthesis in such a way as to favor the formation of molecular replicas in the living cell. After dismissing this proposal the authors went on to say that complementariness, not identity, should be given primary consideration.
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other parts." The wrong part was his assumption "that all antibody molecules contain the same polypepticle chains as normal globulin en c! differ from normal globulin only in the configuration of the chain." PauTing was clearly not too happy about this assumption, which he acloptec!
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Pear! Harbor brought further distractions when PauTing's energies were diverted to war work, mainly on rocket propellants and in the search for artificial antibodies.
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although the interatomic distances en c! angles clic!
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helical structure held together by hydrogen bonds between the phosphate groups of different strands that is, the struc
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mistake in neglecting the high water content of the DNA specimens in his density calculations. Yet Watson en c!
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Pauling's stancling as a founder of molecular biology rests partly on his identification of sickle-cell anemia, a hereditary disease, as a molecular disease the first to be recognizec! as such.
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human hemoglobin (two substitutions in the oc- ant! one in the ,8-chain)
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the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his "research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances," he was famous not only as a scientist, he was also a well known public figure, at least in the Uniter! States.
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The action of the State Department was seen as an insult not only to Pauling en c! The Royal Society, but to the scientific community at large.
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about radioactive fallout, not only from American tests but also from ever more powerful Soviet nuclear explosions. Increasing levels of strontium 90 en c!
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was publishecI. In 1960 the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS)
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the Nobel Peace Prize for 1962. At the present time, especially in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, the cultural climate has changer!
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as a further example of a molecular disease arising from the lack of a specific enzyme. At about this time he was also cleveloping his theory that xenon acts as anesthetic because it forms crystalline polyheciral hydrates, microcrystals of such hydrates in the brain conic!
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to theoretical physics, but his close-packoc! spheron theory of the atomic nucleus met with little acceptance.
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to keep laboratory primates in optimal health. In his 1970 book Vitamin C and the Common Cold, Pauling gave evolutionary arguments why much larger amounts of vitamin C than the RDA may be conducive to optimal health.
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the Linus Pauling Institute of Science en c! Medicine with PauTing as president.
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on his own experiences, gave acivice about how to cope with aging. In July 1976 Ava Helen underwent surgery for stomach cancer.
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military establishment of the United States and helped to change them. As health crusader he took on the medical establishment and persuaded millions of people to eat supplemental vitamins.
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anyone quite like him, with his jokes, relaxer! manner, seraphic smile, sliclerule calculations, en c!
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the application of group theory to problems of chemical bonding. "Jack," he replied, "if you new!
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1950. Polypeptide chain configurations in crystalline proteins.
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1951. The pleated sheet, a new layer configuration of polypeptide chains.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY A complete bibliography, by permission of the Linus Pauling Institute, is available from The Royal Society, London.
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