Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Louis, MO; and 29 other urban and rural locations in the United States and Canada. The ZnCdS tests were conducted to determine how BW agents disperse in various environments and to determine the munitions requirement (the quantity of a material required to achieve a particular military objective)
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AEHA concluded: "Conservative evaluation of the available data using EPA risk assessment methodology and comparisons with available standards, ambient air data, and health effects information indicates that the measured concentrations in the test areas should not have been associated with any adverse health effects for residents in the test areas. The estimated excess cancer risks are much less than the risk levels generally considered acceptable by the EPA.
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COT convened the Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide, which conducted the study and prepared this report. The subcommittee members were chosen because of distinguished expertise in toxicology, medicine, pathology, epidemiology, pharmacology, chemistry, environmental health, environmental fate, industrial hygiene, ecology, biostatistics and mathematical modeling, risk assessment, risk communication, and interpretation of technical information.
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The subcommittee also did not address whether testing of the chemicals without the knowledge of the American public was ethical or violated the public trust; this question is important but was also beyond the subcommittee's charge and expertise. SOURCES OF INFORMATION INPUT FROM THE PUBLIC The subcommittee held three public meetings as part of its evaluation of the possible adverse health effects of human exposures to ZnCdS.
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But they wanted the subcommittee to have whatever information might help to evaluate the concerns raised. The types of health effects reported most often differed among the three communities.
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The Army felt that declassification of this information could affect national security. CONCLUSIONS To assess the possible adverse health effects of exposure to ZnCdS from the Army's dispersion tests, the subcommittee reviewed the physical and chemical properties of ZnCdS; the toxicokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity of ZnCdS; the toxicity of other selected cadmium compounds; and the exposures related to the tests.
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Because it is poorly soluble in strong acids and insoluble in water and lipids, ZnCdS probably is not absorbed through the skin or gastrointestinal tract. Its lack of solubility also suggests that it is highly unlikely that free cadmium ions would become bioavailable to target organs as a result of inhalation of ZnCdS.
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The subcommittee believes that the toxicity of ZnCdS is more like that of cadmium sulfide than like that of other cadmium compounds because the crystalline structures of the two compounds are similar, both compounds are insoluble in viva, and neither compound is bioavailable. The subcommittee, therefore, chose to base its assessment of the potential toxicity of ZnCdS for noncancer health effects on the toxicity of CDs.
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The subcommittee reached the following conclusions on the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds as they relate to the ZnCdS exposures: · Inhaled cadmium has been shown in occupational studies and laboratory studies of animals to cause lung cancer, but not cancer at other body sites. · Cadmium inhalation exposures associated with increased lung-cancer risk in animal studies involved higher concentrations (100-1,000 times higher)
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At about half the test sites, the mammal concentrations of airborne cadmium (in the form of ZnCdS) were above the estimated urban average daily airborne cadmium, but the subcommittee believes that these short-term high concentrations would have had minimal impact on total cadmium exposure, which is mainly Mom water, food, and soil.
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By using an uncertainty factor of 1,000 (513 mg/~,OOO = 513 Age, one would not expect adverse health effects, even in sensitive populations, Tom exposure to the 513-,ug-dose level. The highest estimated cadmium doses at the test sites were below 513 fig of cadmium.
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· The subcommittee recommends that the Army conduct studies to determine the bioavailability and inhalation toxicity of ZnCdS in experimental animals. This research will strengthen the database needed for risk assessment of ZnCdS and lessen the need to rely on the use of cadmium or cadmium compounds as surrogates for toxicity information.
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Sup MAN 1 ~ ~ The gee Ed not address ~ Ed otb~ social bsues gout the gas dispersion tests; these questions are impound, and the ~ drop a merge far address the pubis sense of outran but these issues were blond the subco~ttee~s chafe and expertise.
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