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From page 275... ... Index A Ache people, 176, 178-179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 188, 193, 198, 213, 215-216, 221, 224 Actuarial science, 39-40 Age-specific death rate allelic effects in evolutionary demography, 97 among preagricultural peoples, 178-179 determinants of, 78 environmentally induced changes, 88 evolutionary demography model, 104 evolutionary theories of, 78-79 gerontogene role in, 122 individual age-related changes as factor in, 78 as measure of rate of aging, 82-85, 246 nematode genetics, 120-122 predictive modeling, 85-87, 90 research needs, 85 state-dependent life-history optimization, 90 See also Mortality trajectory Aging. See Senescence Alleles, 33, 97 genetic research, 237, 238 longevity assurance, 260 mutation-selection balance, 100 quantitative trait locus mapping, 112- 113 studies of population distribution, 238-240 275 Altruism, 130-131 Alzheimer disease, 254-255 Aminoguanidine, 259 Anastrepha ludens, 20-21 Antagonistic pleiotropy, 13, 118 allele rarity, 33 empirical evidence, 102 in evolutionary demography theory, 101 mortality trajectory patterns and, 33 theory of senescence, 3, 4 Antibiotic drugs, 54-55 Apolipoprotein E, 239, 260 Atresia, 196-197 Automobiles, 28-31 B Bacterium, 70 Behavioral ecology dominance hierarchies, 131 - 132 evolutionary response systems, 200, 203 learning, 133 neglect of elderly in, 127-128 species life-span differences, 152 territoriality, 132-133 Bequests, 170-171, 224, 228-230, 231 Biodemographics future prospects, 15, 34 Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... mortality patterns, 54-55 Cellular processes cell death, 255 Hayflick limit, 4, 255 life-history plasticity and, 255-258 vegetative propagation, 255-257 Ceratitis capitata. See Medfly studies Cetaceans, 7, 131 aging, 143-144 elderly, 144-146 postreproductive survival, 163-164, 165, 212 social organization, 143, 165 taxonomy, 142-143 Chickens, 132 Child/infant mortality, 54 Cloning of gerontogenes, 118-119 quantitative traitloci, 119 Coale-Demeny life tables, 49, 50, 213-215, 216 Collagen, 258-259 Complex systems biological assumptions for modeling, 10 INDEX big-reliability theory, 27-31 living organisms as, 27 mortality trajectory in, 29-30 theoretical relevance, 10 Compression-rectangularization hypothesis, 48 51, 60 Contributions of elderly, 131, 221-222 altruistic behavior, 130-131 among cetaceans, 144-146 among elephants, 136- 137 among primates, 139- 142 caregiving, 140, 145-146, 152-153, 164 165, 167-168, 197, 222 eusociality among wasps, 147-148 evolutionary theory, 152, 154 feeding ecology, 189 fitness of populations, 127, 152 gender issues, 154 as repositories of knowledge, 217-218 resource transfer, 169- 170 social dominance and leadership, 131 - 132, 136, 140, 141-142 social role concepts, 154 support of reproduction, 188 - 189 teaching, 133, 137 territorial dominance, 133 See also Natural selection, role of elderly in Creosote bush, 247 Cultural factors in mortality, 55 Cynolebias, 252 D Decreasing hazard function in compression-rectangularization hypothesis, 49, 51 empirical evidence, 5-6, 17- 18 genetic heterogeneity and, 6-7 research trends, 14 selectivity effects, 6-7 See also Mortality trajectory Dementia, 250, 254-255 Demography benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration, 33-34 classical theory of senescence, 69-71 future research, 14- 15 goals of mortality research, 78 homeostatic process in, 10 notation of life tables, 39, 40 Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... See Cetaceans Drosophila melanogaster, 1, 5-6, 17 environmentally mediated aging effects, 8788 evidence of mortality deceleration, 21, 24 experimental population genetics, 101-102 force of natural selection experiments, 9899 Gompertz model correlations, 102-103 increased-longevity genes, 113, 116 mechanisms of mortality deceleration, 2526 natural reversal experiments, 90 Drug reactions, 239 E Economic theory, 189, 190-194, 200-201, 203 Education, 201, 202 dementia and, 254-255 as intergenerational transfer, 226, 227-228 Efe people, 188 Elder care genetic basis for, 8 intergenerational transfer, 223 Elephants, 7 reproductive biology and behavior, 134- 136 role of elderly, 136-137 social organization, 134 277 Environmental heterogeneity evolutionary development and, 11-12, 199 200 evolved norms of reaction, 199-200 individual variation and, 89 life-course dynamics and, 14 in life-history evolution, 79-80, 85-89 limit-distribution hypothesis of longevity, 52 long-term/short-term adaptation, 199-200, 203-204 modern environments, 200, 201-202, 203 204 natural reversal experiments, 89-90 phenotypic plasticity and, 88 selectivity and, 6-7 timing effects, 87, 90 See also Fluctuating environments Ethical issues, 241-242 Ethnographic research, 9 Eukaryotes, 247 Eusociality evolutionary steps to, 148-150 extended longevity for, 147-148 Evolutionary demography basic theory, 97-98 force of natural selection in, 98-100 genetic mechanisms, 100- 101 goals, 96 resistance to, 96 scaling functions, 97, 100 See also Biodemographics Evolutionary equilibria genetic stability models, 67-68 for life-history phenotypes, 69-71 models of, 67-69 mortality-fertility trade-offs, 71-72 phenotype distribution, 66 positive pleiotropy, 72 research significance, 65-66 selection-mutation, 68-69, 74 size-structured model, 73-74, 75 stable strategy models, 67, 71, 74 strong selection dynamics, 75 Evolutionary theory, 2-5 age-specific death rate, 78-79 of aging, 1 altruistic behavior, 130-131 applications of quantitative trait locus mapping, 118 benefits of demographic approach, 33-34 Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... 278 bottleneck theory, 32 contributions of elderly, 154 decelerating mortality trajectory and, 32-33 effects of fluctuating environments, 11, 199-200 empirical support for theories of aging, 18 29 eusociality in wasps, 148-150 genetics of aging in, 91-92 life-cycle patterns of intergenerational transfer, 228 life history, 79-82, 175, 189-194 life-history plasticity in, 246 mechanism of adaptation, 199 menopause in, 8-9, 166-168, 175, 176, 196 norms of reaction, 199-200 opportunities for research, 92 phenotype plasticity, 199 pleiotropy in, 81 postreproductive survival, 84-85, 164-168, 194-195, 203 preadaptation, 147 research models, 65 scale of change, 152 of senescence, 80-81 settings for human research, 7-8 taxonomic evolution, 128 See also Evolutionary demography; Natural selection Extreme survival, 14 Gompertz model correlation, 103 mortality trajectory, 19 oldest man/woman, 47 plant clones, 247 range of, across species, 251-253 theoretical models for mortality patterns, 103-104 trends among humans, 45 F Families homeostatic process in, 10-11 intergenerational transfers within, 223-224 size, 10-11 studies of gene-disease relationships, 240 Fecundity of elephants, 135- 136 environmentally induced changes, 88 in measurement of aging, 83 in theory of evolutionary demography, 97 INDEX Feeding and nutrition among preagricultural peoples, 175, 176, 193-194 among primates, 180- 182, 186 food-restricted rodents, 251, 253-254 life-history consumption and production, 179-189 life-history evolution, 87, 88, 175, 176, 202-204 longevity and, 12 modern environment, 202 molecular processes of aging and, 259 reproductive ecology and, 186- 189 Fertility of elephants, 134- 135 externally mediated evolutionary changes, 85 intergenerational transfers and, 227 in life history, 79 in measurement of aging, 83 mortality trade-offs, 70 one-age-class life cycle, 70 quality vs. quantity of offspring, 190, 191192, 201-202 size-structured model of evolutionary mortality, 73-74, 75 Fish, 251-252, 253 Fluctuating environments, 11 evolution of mortality rates in, 72-73 life span of captive animals, 163 See also Environmental heterogeneity Force of mortality definition, 40 See also Hazard functions Free radicals, 96, 260 Fruit fly evidence of decreasing hazard functions, 56 evidence of life-span plasticity, 247 evolutionary plasticity, 248-249 rate of aging, 249 See also Drosophila melanogaster; Medfly studies G Gender differences feeding ecology, 179 feminization of elderly, 154 inheritance of resources, 170- 171, 229-230 Gene association, 110-111 Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... See Decreasing hazard function definition, 40 evolutionary theories, 3-4 in finite life span model, 47 genetic heterogeneity, 6-7 genetically programmed, 13 leveling patterns, 5-6 limiting distribution, 51-52 mutation-accumulation theory, 3 U.S. females, 40 Health and morbidity adaptive vs. Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... 280 Homeostasis demographic meaning, 10 family processes, 10-11 implications of human postreproductive survival, 166 Hormone-replacement therapy, 9, 166 Hunter-gatherers, 7-8 feeding ecology, 179-189, 193-194 life course, 175 life-history evolution, 200 longevity, 176-179 mortality, 178-179, 194 postreproductive survival, 9, 166-168 reproductive ecology, 186- 189 vs. modern environments, 200 See also Ache people; Efe people; Hadza people; Hiwi people; Mung San peoples; Yanomamo people; Yora people I Income investment, 192, 193, 200-201 Individual differences age-related changes, 79-82 in aging, 128-129 in frailty, phenotypic plasticity and, 90-91 in life-history evolution, 89-90 life-history plasticity, 246 mortality trajectory, 26 Induced mutation, 113, 115 positional cloning, 119 Informed consent, 242 Intergenerational transfers, 8 as adaptive behavior, 171 bequests to children, 170-171, 224, 228-230 as contribution of elderly, 169 costs, 169 direction of flow, 219-220, 221-224, 230 environmental considerations, 219 gender differences, 170- 171, 229-230 measuring, 220 over life cycle, 219, 220, 228 patterns of, 169- 171 repayment theory, 228 reproductive fitness and, 228, 230 through public sector, 224-227 within family, 223-224, 227-228 INDEX K Kangaroo rats, 169, 170 Kin selection, 7 Mung San peoples, 166-167, 176, 179-180, 183, 185, 193-194, 213, 215-216 L Lactation, 187-188 Leadership, 131-132, 136, 140 Life expectancy among primitive peoples, 215-216 coefficient of variation of ages at death and, 49-50 compression-rectangularization hypothesis, 50 current beliefs, 38 definition, 45 for elderly, 216 evolutionary theories, 2-5 global disparities, 38 in high-mortality populations, 213-215, 216 in life tables, 215 modern female, 217 projections, 217 research needs, 1-2 trends, 38, 245, 260-261 See also Life spans; Limits to longevity; Longevity Life history, 1, 129- 130 ancestral reproductive scenarios, 196 capital investment model of reproductive evolution, 190-194, 200-201, 202, 203 cellular processes, 255-258 cetaceans, 144 definition, 79 distinctive human characteristics, 175, 202 elephants, 134-136 evolutionary demography theory, 100-102 evolutionary theory, 78-82, 175, 189-194 externally mediated evolutionary changes, 85-89 feeding ecology, 175, 176, 179-189 genetic markers, 117 individual variation in evolution of, 89-90 intergenerational transfers across, 219, 220, 228 molecular changes, 258-260 mortality-fertility trade-offs, 71-72, 75 Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... See Medfly studies Menopause adaptive, 8-9, 166, 196 age at onset, 213 evolutionary theory, 166-168, 175, 176 nonadaptive, 166, 196 physiology, 196 Read the entire page →
From page 282... ... patterns, 54-55 world patterns, 55-58 See also Decreasing hazard function; Mortality rate INDEX Mutation definition, 237 evolutionary demography theory, 100-101 evolutionary theory, 91 induced, in gerontogenes, 113, 115, 119 life-history optimization and, 80-81 mortality-fertility trade-offs in evolutionary equilibria, 71-72 nematode gerontogenes, 114-115 phenotype evolution, 68-69, 74 positive pleiotropy, 72 reduced rate of aging through, 91-92 research needs, 85 salmon limit for mortality, 70 selection balance, 100-101 selection for early fertility, 70 Mutation-accumulation theory, 4, 13, 247 allele rarity, 32-33 conceptual basis, 3, 18, 81-82 empirical evidence, 102 mortality trajectory patterns and, 32-33 theoretical revisions, 11- 12 N National Institute on Aging, 234, 235 Natural selection in demographic disequilibrium, 75 disposable some theory, 258 evolutionary demography model, 97- 100 historically contingent change in, 12 life-history interaction, 79, 80, 87 mutation-accumulation theory, 3, 18 phenotype mutation and, 68-69, 74 for physiological/psychological response system, 200, 203 for plasticity of response to food supply, 12 role ofelderlyin,7, 8, 32, 127, 131, 152 Nematode worm studies, 17 evidence of mortality deceleration, 5-6, 21, 23, 24-25 genetics of age-specific mortality, 120-122 identification of gerontogenes, 114-115, 116-117, 119 large populations, 122 normal mortality rate, 120 point mutation effects on mortality, 23 rate of aging, 249 Net maternity function, 7 Neuronal life history, 250, 255, 259-260 NIA. See National Institute on Aging Norms of reaction, 199-200 Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... INDEX o Oocyte endowment, 8-9, 161-162, 196-197 p Phenotype evolutionary equilibrium models, 66-69, 7476 evolutionary genetic stability model, 67-68 evolutionary stable strategy models, 67 life history, evolutionary equilibria for, 6971 optimization, 104 polymorphism, 73 population distribution, 240 quantitative trait locus mapping, 112- 113 selection-mutation dynamic, 68-69, 74 Phenotypic plasticity, 12, 88, 199, 203 individual differences in frailty and, 90-91 Phenylketonuria, 238 Pioneer space probe, 27-28 Piro, 180, 184, 185-186 Plant clones, 247 Pleiotropy, antagonistic. See Antagonistic pleiotropy Pleiotropy theory, 72, 109, 118 definition, 81 population genetics of life-history evolution, 100, 101 Policymaking, 1 Polymorphic genes, 13-14 Population growth of eusocial insect colonies, 151 evolutionary demography model, 97 homeostatic process in, 10 implications for longevity, 261 life-history evolution, 79-80 maximum age at death and, 45-46 Population surveys applications of genetic research, 238-240 designed for genetic research, 242-243 estimates of phenotypic distribution from, 240 genetic specimen collection in, 241-242 prospects for genetic research, 235, 237 rationale for genetic studies, 234 recent efforts, 235 Positive pleiotropy, 72 Postreproductive survival among captive animals, 163 283 among cetaceans, 146, 163-164, 165, 212 among primates, 163 antagonistic pleiotropy theory, 3 behaviorally imposed reproductive cessation, 162-163 defining, 213 evolutionary theory, 84-85, 164-168, 194195, 203 feeding ecology, 179- 180 individual productivity and, 175 longevity and, 196-198 in men, 197-198 mutation-accumulation theory, 18, 70 in nature, 7, 127-128, 161-163, 168-169, 212-213 as nonadaptive artifact, 165-166 preadaptation model, 4-5 in preagricultural societies, 9, 166-167, 179, 213, 216, 230, 231 research needs, 85 trends, 217 See also Contributions of elderly Pre ad ap tall on conceptual basis, 4-5 for eusociality, 147- 151 evolutionary theory, 147 for social evolution, 128 Predation behavioral strategies, 192, 193 in life-history evolution, 85-86 Primates aging, 139, 176-179 altruistic behavior in, 131 contributions of elderly, 139-142 dominance hierarchies, 132 feeding ecology, 180-182, 186, 188 food-restriction effects, 254 postreproductive survival, 163 reproduction, 138, 139, 187, 188 social organization, 137 - 139 taxonomy, 137 Q Quantitative trait locus mapping applications, 13-14, 118 conceptual basis, 111 - 112 genetic marker linkages, 113 for identifying gerontogenes, 109, 110 interval mapping, 113 of longevity, 116- 118 Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... quantity of offspring, 190, 191192, 201 INDEX risks of old-age reproduction, 195 vegetative propagation, 255-257 Reproductive value, 83-85, 195 Rodent studies cell proliferation, 257-258 food restrictions, 251 identification of gerontogenes, 114-115, 116 laboratory life spans, 250-251 quantitative trait loci cloning, 119 rate of aging, 249 S Salmon, 5, 70, 249, 253 Saturnid moth, 131 Sebastes, 251, 252, 258 Senescence altruistic behavior in, 130-131 among primates, 139 classical demography, 69-71 comparative biology, 1 contextual assessment, 129-130 evolutionary theories of, 3-5, 65, 80-81, 203 examples of species plasticity, 253-255 genetic basis, 91-92 germ-cell differentiation, 258 individual differences, 128-129, 246 measuring rate of, 82-85, 246 mutation-accumulation theory, 81-82 in nature, 168-169 in nonsexually reproducing organisms, 247 predictive modeling, 85-87, 90 preprogrammed, 4, 5 process conceptualization, 129 research needs, 76 in theory of evolutionary demography, 9798 See also Rate of aging Senility, 127-128 Social organization and behavior altruistic behaviors, 130-131 of cetaceans, 143, 165 consequences of individual longevity, 130 dominance relations, 131 - 132 of elephants, 134 intergenerational transfers and, 223, 224227 longevity as preadaptation for, 128 of primates, 137-139 Read the entire page →
From page 285... ... See Cetaceans y Yanomamo people, 176, 177 Yeasts, 113, 118, 247 Yora people; 184 z Zeus, 5 Read the entire page →

From page 275...

... Index A Ache people, 176, 178-179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 188, 193, 198, 213, 215-216, 221, 224 Actuarial science, 39-40 Age-specific death rate allelic effects in evolutionary demography, 97 among preagricultural peoples, 178-179 determinants of, 78 environmentally induced changes, 88 evolutionary demography model, 104 evolutionary theories of, 78-79 gerontogene role in, 122 individual age-related changes as factor in, 78 as measure of rate of aging, 82-85, 246 nematode genetics, 120-122 predictive modeling, 85-87, 90 research needs, 85 state-dependent life-history optimization, 90 See also Mortality trajectory Aging. See Senescence Alleles, 33, 97 genetic research, 237, 238 longevity assurance, 260 mutation-selection balance, 100 quantitative trait locus mapping, 112- 113 studies of population distribution, 238-240 275 Altruism, 130-131 Alzheimer disease, 254-255 Aminoguanidine, 259 Anastrepha ludens, 20-21 Antagonistic pleiotropy, 13, 118 allele rarity, 33 empirical evidence, 102 in evolutionary demography theory, 101 mortality trajectory patterns and, 33 theory of senescence, 3, 4 Antibiotic drugs, 54-55 Apolipoprotein E, 239, 260 Atresia, 196-197 Automobiles, 28-31 B Bacterium, 70 Behavioral ecology dominance hierarchies, 131 - 132 evolutionary response systems, 200, 203 learning, 133 neglect of elderly in, 127-128 species life-span differences, 152 territoriality, 132-133 Bequests, 170-171, 224, 228-230, 231 Biodemographics future prospects, 15, 34

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From page 276...

... mortality patterns, 54-55 Cellular processes cell death, 255 Hayflick limit, 4, 255 life-history plasticity and, 255-258 vegetative propagation, 255-257 Ceratitis capitata. See Medfly studies Cetaceans, 7, 131 aging, 143-144 elderly, 144-146 postreproductive survival, 163-164, 165, 212 social organization, 143, 165 taxonomy, 142-143 Chickens, 132 Child/infant mortality, 54 Cloning of gerontogenes, 118-119 quantitative traitloci, 119 Coale-Demeny life tables, 49, 50, 213-215, 216 Collagen, 258-259 Complex systems biological assumptions for modeling, 10 INDEX big-reliability theory, 27-31 living organisms as, 27 mortality trajectory in, 29-30 theoretical relevance, 10 Compression-rectangularization hypothesis, 48 51, 60 Contributions of elderly, 131, 221-222 altruistic behavior, 130-131 among cetaceans, 144-146 among elephants, 136- 137 among primates, 139- 142 caregiving, 140, 145-146, 152-153, 164 165, 167-168, 197, 222 eusociality among wasps, 147-148 evolutionary theory, 152, 154 feeding ecology, 189 fitness of populations, 127, 152 gender issues, 154 as repositories of knowledge, 217-218 resource transfer, 169- 170 social dominance and leadership, 131 - 132, 136, 140, 141-142 social role concepts, 154 support of reproduction, 188 - 189 teaching, 133, 137 territorial dominance, 133 See also Natural selection, role of elderly in Creosote bush, 247 Cultural factors in mortality, 55 Cynolebias, 252 D Decreasing hazard function in compression-rectangularization hypothesis, 49, 51 empirical evidence, 5-6, 17- 18 genetic heterogeneity and, 6-7 research trends, 14 selectivity effects, 6-7 See also Mortality trajectory Dementia, 250, 254-255 Demography benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration, 33-34 classical theory of senescence, 69-71 future research, 14- 15 goals of mortality research, 78 homeostatic process in, 10 notation of life tables, 39, 40

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From page 277...

... See Cetaceans Drosophila melanogaster, 1, 5-6, 17 environmentally mediated aging effects, 8788 evidence of mortality deceleration, 21, 24 experimental population genetics, 101-102 force of natural selection experiments, 9899 Gompertz model correlations, 102-103 increased-longevity genes, 113, 116 mechanisms of mortality deceleration, 2526 natural reversal experiments, 90 Drug reactions, 239 E Economic theory, 189, 190-194, 200-201, 203 Education, 201, 202 dementia and, 254-255 as intergenerational transfer, 226, 227-228 Efe people, 188 Elder care genetic basis for, 8 intergenerational transfer, 223 Elephants, 7 reproductive biology and behavior, 134- 136 role of elderly, 136-137 social organization, 134 277 Environmental heterogeneity evolutionary development and, 11-12, 199 200 evolved norms of reaction, 199-200 individual variation and, 89 life-course dynamics and, 14 in life-history evolution, 79-80, 85-89 limit-distribution hypothesis of longevity, 52 long-term/short-term adaptation, 199-200, 203-204 modern environments, 200, 201-202, 203 204 natural reversal experiments, 89-90 phenotypic plasticity and, 88 selectivity and, 6-7 timing effects, 87, 90 See also Fluctuating environments Ethical issues, 241-242 Ethnographic research, 9 Eukaryotes, 247 Eusociality evolutionary steps to, 148-150 extended longevity for, 147-148 Evolutionary demography basic theory, 97-98 force of natural selection in, 98-100 genetic mechanisms, 100- 101 goals, 96 resistance to, 96 scaling functions, 97, 100 See also Biodemographics Evolutionary equilibria genetic stability models, 67-68 for life-history phenotypes, 69-71 models of, 67-69 mortality-fertility trade-offs, 71-72 phenotype distribution, 66 positive pleiotropy, 72 research significance, 65-66 selection-mutation, 68-69, 74 size-structured model, 73-74, 75 stable strategy models, 67, 71, 74 strong selection dynamics, 75 Evolutionary theory, 2-5 age-specific death rate, 78-79 of aging, 1 altruistic behavior, 130-131 applications of quantitative trait locus mapping, 118 benefits of demographic approach, 33-34

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From page 278...

... 278 bottleneck theory, 32 contributions of elderly, 154 decelerating mortality trajectory and, 32-33 effects of fluctuating environments, 11, 199-200 empirical support for theories of aging, 18 29 eusociality in wasps, 148-150 genetics of aging in, 91-92 life-cycle patterns of intergenerational transfer, 228 life history, 79-82, 175, 189-194 life-history plasticity in, 246 mechanism of adaptation, 199 menopause in, 8-9, 166-168, 175, 176, 196 norms of reaction, 199-200 opportunities for research, 92 phenotype plasticity, 199 pleiotropy in, 81 postreproductive survival, 84-85, 164-168, 194-195, 203 preadaptation, 147 research models, 65 scale of change, 152 of senescence, 80-81 settings for human research, 7-8 taxonomic evolution, 128 See also Evolutionary demography; Natural selection Extreme survival, 14 Gompertz model correlation, 103 mortality trajectory, 19 oldest man/woman, 47 plant clones, 247 range of, across species, 251-253 theoretical models for mortality patterns, 103-104 trends among humans, 45 F Families homeostatic process in, 10-11 intergenerational transfers within, 223-224 size, 10-11 studies of gene-disease relationships, 240 Fecundity of elephants, 135- 136 environmentally induced changes, 88 in measurement of aging, 83 in theory of evolutionary demography, 97 INDEX Feeding and nutrition among preagricultural peoples, 175, 176, 193-194 among primates, 180- 182, 186 food-restricted rodents, 251, 253-254 life-history consumption and production, 179-189 life-history evolution, 87, 88, 175, 176, 202-204 longevity and, 12 modern environment, 202 molecular processes of aging and, 259 reproductive ecology and, 186- 189 Fertility of elephants, 134- 135 externally mediated evolutionary changes, 85 intergenerational transfers and, 227 in life history, 79 in measurement of aging, 83 mortality trade-offs, 70 one-age-class life cycle, 70 quality vs. quantity of offspring, 190, 191192, 201-202 size-structured model of evolutionary mortality, 73-74, 75 Fish, 251-252, 253 Fluctuating environments, 11 evolution of mortality rates in, 72-73 life span of captive animals, 163 See also Environmental heterogeneity Force of mortality definition, 40 See also Hazard functions Free radicals, 96, 260 Fruit fly evidence of decreasing hazard functions, 56 evidence of life-span plasticity, 247 evolutionary plasticity, 248-249 rate of aging, 249 See also Drosophila melanogaster; Medfly studies G Gender differences feeding ecology, 179 feminization of elderly, 154 inheritance of resources, 170- 171, 229-230 Gene association, 110-111

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From page 279...

... See Decreasing hazard function definition, 40 evolutionary theories, 3-4 in finite life span model, 47 genetic heterogeneity, 6-7 genetically programmed, 13 leveling patterns, 5-6 limiting distribution, 51-52 mutation-accumulation theory, 3 U.S. females, 40 Health and morbidity adaptive vs.

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From page 280...

... 280 Homeostasis demographic meaning, 10 family processes, 10-11 implications of human postreproductive survival, 166 Hormone-replacement therapy, 9, 166 Hunter-gatherers, 7-8 feeding ecology, 179-189, 193-194 life course, 175 life-history evolution, 200 longevity, 176-179 mortality, 178-179, 194 postreproductive survival, 9, 166-168 reproductive ecology, 186- 189 vs. modern environments, 200 See also Ache people; Efe people; Hadza people; Hiwi people; Mung San peoples; Yanomamo people; Yora people I Income investment, 192, 193, 200-201 Individual differences age-related changes, 79-82 in aging, 128-129 in frailty, phenotypic plasticity and, 90-91 in life-history evolution, 89-90 life-history plasticity, 246 mortality trajectory, 26 Induced mutation, 113, 115 positional cloning, 119 Informed consent, 242 Intergenerational transfers, 8 as adaptive behavior, 171 bequests to children, 170-171, 224, 228-230 as contribution of elderly, 169 costs, 169 direction of flow, 219-220, 221-224, 230 environmental considerations, 219 gender differences, 170- 171, 229-230 measuring, 220 over life cycle, 219, 220, 228 patterns of, 169- 171 repayment theory, 228 reproductive fitness and, 228, 230 through public sector, 224-227 within family, 223-224, 227-228 INDEX K Kangaroo rats, 169, 170 Kin selection, 7 Mung San peoples, 166-167, 176, 179-180, 183, 185, 193-194, 213, 215-216 L Lactation, 187-188 Leadership, 131-132, 136, 140 Life expectancy among primitive peoples, 215-216 coefficient of variation of ages at death and, 49-50 compression-rectangularization hypothesis, 50 current beliefs, 38 definition, 45 for elderly, 216 evolutionary theories, 2-5 global disparities, 38 in high-mortality populations, 213-215, 216 in life tables, 215 modern female, 217 projections, 217 research needs, 1-2 trends, 38, 245, 260-261 See also Life spans; Limits to longevity; Longevity Life history, 1, 129- 130 ancestral reproductive scenarios, 196 capital investment model of reproductive evolution, 190-194, 200-201, 202, 203 cellular processes, 255-258 cetaceans, 144 definition, 79 distinctive human characteristics, 175, 202 elephants, 134-136 evolutionary demography theory, 100-102 evolutionary theory, 78-82, 175, 189-194 externally mediated evolutionary changes, 85-89 feeding ecology, 175, 176, 179-189 genetic markers, 117 individual variation in evolution of, 89-90 intergenerational transfers across, 219, 220, 228 molecular changes, 258-260 mortality-fertility trade-offs, 71-72, 75

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From page 281...

... See Medfly studies Menopause adaptive, 8-9, 166, 196 age at onset, 213 evolutionary theory, 166-168, 175, 176 nonadaptive, 166, 196 physiology, 196

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From page 282...

... patterns, 54-55 world patterns, 55-58 See also Decreasing hazard function; Mortality rate INDEX Mutation definition, 237 evolutionary demography theory, 100-101 evolutionary theory, 91 induced, in gerontogenes, 113, 115, 119 life-history optimization and, 80-81 mortality-fertility trade-offs in evolutionary equilibria, 71-72 nematode gerontogenes, 114-115 phenotype evolution, 68-69, 74 positive pleiotropy, 72 reduced rate of aging through, 91-92 research needs, 85 salmon limit for mortality, 70 selection balance, 100-101 selection for early fertility, 70 Mutation-accumulation theory, 4, 13, 247 allele rarity, 32-33 conceptual basis, 3, 18, 81-82 empirical evidence, 102 mortality trajectory patterns and, 32-33 theoretical revisions, 11- 12 N National Institute on Aging, 234, 235 Natural selection in demographic disequilibrium, 75 disposable some theory, 258 evolutionary demography model, 97- 100 historically contingent change in, 12 life-history interaction, 79, 80, 87 mutation-accumulation theory, 3, 18 phenotype mutation and, 68-69, 74 for physiological/psychological response system, 200, 203 for plasticity of response to food supply, 12 role ofelderlyin,7, 8, 32, 127, 131, 152 Nematode worm studies, 17 evidence of mortality deceleration, 5-6, 21, 23, 24-25 genetics of age-specific mortality, 120-122 identification of gerontogenes, 114-115, 116-117, 119 large populations, 122 normal mortality rate, 120 point mutation effects on mortality, 23 rate of aging, 249 Net maternity function, 7 Neuronal life history, 250, 255, 259-260 NIA. See National Institute on Aging Norms of reaction, 199-200

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From page 283...

... INDEX o Oocyte endowment, 8-9, 161-162, 196-197 p Phenotype evolutionary equilibrium models, 66-69, 7476 evolutionary genetic stability model, 67-68 evolutionary stable strategy models, 67 life history, evolutionary equilibria for, 6971 optimization, 104 polymorphism, 73 population distribution, 240 quantitative trait locus mapping, 112- 113 selection-mutation dynamic, 68-69, 74 Phenotypic plasticity, 12, 88, 199, 203 individual differences in frailty and, 90-91 Phenylketonuria, 238 Pioneer space probe, 27-28 Piro, 180, 184, 185-186 Plant clones, 247 Pleiotropy, antagonistic. See Antagonistic pleiotropy Pleiotropy theory, 72, 109, 118 definition, 81 population genetics of life-history evolution, 100, 101 Policymaking, 1 Polymorphic genes, 13-14 Population growth of eusocial insect colonies, 151 evolutionary demography model, 97 homeostatic process in, 10 implications for longevity, 261 life-history evolution, 79-80 maximum age at death and, 45-46 Population surveys applications of genetic research, 238-240 designed for genetic research, 242-243 estimates of phenotypic distribution from, 240 genetic specimen collection in, 241-242 prospects for genetic research, 235, 237 rationale for genetic studies, 234 recent efforts, 235 Positive pleiotropy, 72 Postreproductive survival among captive animals, 163 283 among cetaceans, 146, 163-164, 165, 212 among primates, 163 antagonistic pleiotropy theory, 3 behaviorally imposed reproductive cessation, 162-163 defining, 213 evolutionary theory, 84-85, 164-168, 194195, 203 feeding ecology, 179- 180 individual productivity and, 175 longevity and, 196-198 in men, 197-198 mutation-accumulation theory, 18, 70 in nature, 7, 127-128, 161-163, 168-169, 212-213 as nonadaptive artifact, 165-166 preadaptation model, 4-5 in preagricultural societies, 9, 166-167, 179, 213, 216, 230, 231 research needs, 85 trends, 217 See also Contributions of elderly Pre ad ap tall on conceptual basis, 4-5 for eusociality, 147- 151 evolutionary theory, 147 for social evolution, 128 Predation behavioral strategies, 192, 193 in life-history evolution, 85-86 Primates aging, 139, 176-179 altruistic behavior in, 131 contributions of elderly, 139-142 dominance hierarchies, 132 feeding ecology, 180-182, 186, 188 food-restriction effects, 254 postreproductive survival, 163 reproduction, 138, 139, 187, 188 social organization, 137 - 139 taxonomy, 137 Q Quantitative trait locus mapping applications, 13-14, 118 conceptual basis, 111 - 112 genetic marker linkages, 113 for identifying gerontogenes, 109, 110 interval mapping, 113 of longevity, 116- 118

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From page 284...

... quantity of offspring, 190, 191192, 201 INDEX risks of old-age reproduction, 195 vegetative propagation, 255-257 Reproductive value, 83-85, 195 Rodent studies cell proliferation, 257-258 food restrictions, 251 identification of gerontogenes, 114-115, 116 laboratory life spans, 250-251 quantitative trait loci cloning, 119 rate of aging, 249 S Salmon, 5, 70, 249, 253 Saturnid moth, 131 Sebastes, 251, 252, 258 Senescence altruistic behavior in, 130-131 among primates, 139 classical demography, 69-71 comparative biology, 1 contextual assessment, 129-130 evolutionary theories of, 3-5, 65, 80-81, 203 examples of species plasticity, 253-255 genetic basis, 91-92 germ-cell differentiation, 258 individual differences, 128-129, 246 measuring rate of, 82-85, 246 mutation-accumulation theory, 81-82 in nature, 168-169 in nonsexually reproducing organisms, 247 predictive modeling, 85-87, 90 preprogrammed, 4, 5 process conceptualization, 129 research needs, 76 in theory of evolutionary demography, 9798 See also Rate of aging Senility, 127-128 Social organization and behavior altruistic behaviors, 130-131 of cetaceans, 143, 165 consequences of individual longevity, 130 dominance relations, 131 - 132 of elephants, 134 intergenerational transfers and, 223, 224227 longevity as preadaptation for, 128 of primates, 137-139

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From page 285...

... See Cetaceans y Yanomamo people, 176, 177 Yeasts, 113, 118, 247 Yora people; 184 z Zeus, 5

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Index Pages 275-285

Index
Pages 275-285