Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997) / Chapter Skim
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1 Dietary Reference Intakes
1 Dietary Reference Intakes
Pages 21-37
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From page 21... ...
WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES? The reference values, collectively called the DRIB, include the Estimateci Average Requirement (EAR)
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From page 22... ...
Qualifieci medical and nutrition personnel must tailor recommendations for inclivicluals who are known to have diseases that greatly increase requirements, or who have increased sensitivity to developing adverse effects associated with higher intakes. Although at times these reference intakes may serve as the basis for such incliviclual recommendations, qualified professional adaptation that is specific to each situation is necessary.
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From page 23... ...
Estimated Averaged Requirement The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the tinily intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement, as clefineci by the specifieci indicator of adequacy, in 50 percent of the inclivicluals in a life stage or gentler group (see Figure 1-1~.
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From page 24... ...
At intakes between the RDA and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) , the risks of inadequacy and of excess are both close to 0.
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The AI2 is a value baseci on experimentally cleriveci intake levels or approximations of observed mean nutrient intakes by a group (or groups) of healthy people.
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. To11erab11e Upper Intake I~eve11 The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Imbedded in the framework of DRIs is the following approach. When requirements are estimated to decrease risk of disease, particularly chronic degenerative disease where associations may not be easily iclentifieci in short-term studies, there must be a preponderance of epidemiologic evidence that is supported by clinical trials and biologically plausible mechanisms before such associations are used to establish recommendations.
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From page 28... ...
It is recognized, however, that the low energy intakes reported in recent national surveys and thought to result from decreased physical activity may mean that it would be unusual to see changes in food habits to the extent necessary to maintain intakes by all individuals at levels recommended in this report. Eating fortified food products represents one method by which to increase or maintain intakes without major changes in food habits.
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From page 29... ...
SOURCES: Belgian National Council for Nutrition, 1994; COMA, 1991; European Community, 1993; German Society of Nutrition, 1991; Health Canada, 1990; National Food Administration, 1989; Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council, 1992; NRC 1989a; PNUN, 1989.
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From page 30... ...
SOURCES: Belgian National Council for Nutrition, 1994; COMA, 1991; European Community, 1993; German Society of Nutrition, 1991; Health Canada, 1990; National Food Administration, 1989; Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council, 1992; NRC 1989a; PNUN, 1989. es from one to four.
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From page 31... ...
SOURCES: Belgian National Council for Nutrition, 1994; COMA,1991; European Community, 1993; German Society of Nutrition, 1991; Health Canada, 1990; National Food Administration, 1989; Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council, 1992; NRC 1989a; PNUN, 1989. PARAMETERS FOR DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Life Stage Categories The life stage categories clescribecT below were chosen with all the nutrients to be reviewed in mincT, rather than only those incluclecT in this report.
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From page 32... ...
The value used is thus not an EAR; the extent to which intake of human milk may result in exceeding the actual requirements of the infant is not known, and ethics of experimentation preclude testing the levels known to be potentially inadequate. Therefore, the AI is not an estimated average requirement in which only half of the group would be expected to have their neecis met.
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From page 33... ...
One problem encountered in trying to derive intake ciata in infants was the lack of available ciata on total nutrient intake from a combination of human milk and solici foocis in the second 6 months of life. Most intake survey ciata for the macrominerals do not iclentify the milk source, but the published values indicate that cow milk and cow milk formula were most likely consumed.
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From page 34... ...
For many nutrients, a reasonable amount of ciata are available on nutrient intake and various criteria for adequacy (such as nutrient balance measured in young children age ci ~ through 7 years) that can be used as the basis for the EARs and AIs for this life stage group.
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From page 35... ...
Moreover, there may be net losses of some nutrients that occur physiologically regarciless of the nutrient intake. Thus, for some nutrients, there may not be a basis for EAR or AI values that are different cluring these life stages than they are for other women of comparable age.
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From page 36... ...
Similarly, median weights beyond age 1 year derived from the recent survey in the United States (NHANES III, 1988-1994) were also greater than those obtained from the older Canadian survey (Demirjian, 1980~.
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From page 37... ...
SUMMARY Dietary Reference Intakes is a generic term for a set of nutrient reference values that includes Estimated Average Requirement, Recommencleci Dietary Allowance, Adequate Intake, and Tolerable Upper Intake Level. These reference values are being clevelopeci for life stage and gentler groups in a joint U.S.-Canaclian activity.
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