The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition (1997) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Chromium in Animal Nutrition
3 Chromium in Animal Nutrition
Pages 15-69
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 15... ...
Results of a study with periparturient and early-lactation dairy cows indicated that chromium supplementation influences the immune response in stressed cattle (Burton et al., 1993~. Twenty cows fed a basal diet containing an unspecified quantity of chromium were compared with those fed 5.5 mg supplemental chromium per day as chelated chromium for 6 weeks before calving, and 9.98 mg/day for the first 16 weeks of lactation.
|
From page 16... ...
Glucose tolerance tests conducted on cows two weeks prepartum and two weeks postpartum showed no effect of Cr supplementation on multiparous cow plasma glucose and insulin basal or peak levels, clearance rates, or insulin-to-glucose ratios; however, the prepartum plasma insulin-to-glucose ratio and triglyceride and insulin concentrations were decreased (P < 0.10) by supplemental chromium in primiparous cows.
|
From page 17... ...
Intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin resulted in greater skinfold thickness responses for calves fed either supplemental chromium source.
|
From page 18... ...
Lactation Stage and Duration of Experiment Feed Intake Milk Yield Besong et al.
|
From page 19... ...
~ plasma triglycerides, 1' peak insulin, 1' insulin: glucose ratio in prepartum PP cows, and 1~ plasma triglycerides and 1~ insulin:glucose ratio in postpartum PP cows during glucose tolerance test P<0.10.
|
From page 20... ...
. Definitions of abbreviations used in table: AUC - area under curve p-HBA - beta hydroxybutyric acid con-A - concanavalin A Cr- chromium CrPic - chromium picolinate d- day DM - dry matter DMI - dry matter intake HRBC - human red blood cells LH - luteinizing hormone MP- multiparous ND - not determined NEFA - nonesterified fatty acids OVA- ovalbumin PP - primiparous wk- week
|
From page 21... ...
Change in Serum/Plasma Constituents No effect on NEFA or p-HBA. Hypoglycemic Response or Improved Insulin Efficiency Other No effect on reproduction.
|
From page 22... ...
Increased hemagglutinating antibody titers to human red blood cells on day 14 suggested an improved humoral immune response in stressed feeder calves fed chromium supplements. Serum cortisol levels were
|
From page 23... ...
Serum total and free triiodothyronine and plasma cortisol were not influenced by chromium supplementation. Chromium-supplemented calves receiving vaccinations had greater plasma ascorbate concentrations than did calves receiving vaccinations only, or no vaccinations and no supplemental chromium, suggesting a link between immune function and dietary chromium.
|
From page 24... ...
. Body Weight at Start and Duration of Experiment Improved Improved Feed Growth Rate Efficiency 42 newborn Holstein No effect.
|
From page 25... ...
or GHRH. No feet on plasma NEFA, glucose tolerance test.
|
From page 26... ...
Basal diet = 1.41 ma; 135 steers - 236 kg No effect. No effect.
|
From page 27... ...
No effect for serum cortisol, serum glucose, plasma ascorbate, plasma ~rr~t~.in nmmr~nin ND ND ND ND No effect on morbidity. ND ND ~d28titer for BVD.
|
From page 28... ...
- intradermal IgG - immunoglobulin G IgM - immunoglobulin M i.v. - intravenous ND - not determined NEFA - nonesterified fatty acids OVA- ovalbumin PHA- phytohemagglutination PI-3 - parainfluenza-3 RBC - red blood cells SBM - soybean meal wk- week
|
From page 29... ...
No antibody response difference to porcine RBC. No effect.
|
From page 30... ...
Plasma NEFA, glucose, insulin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and total protein were not affected by treatment. Calves receiving supplemental chromium showed a 27 to 40 percent more rapid clearance of plasma glucose and a shorter plasma glucose half-life during an intravenous glucose tolerance test than did controls.
|
From page 31... ...
Blood samples were taken on days 0, 28, and 35 for determination of antibody titers. Supplemental chromium increased the titer for BVD only on day 28 and caused no effect on antibody responses to other vaccines.
|
From page 32... ...
that were fed a basal diet containing less than 1 mg Cr/kg DM for 85 days (Kitchalong et al., l 995~. Prefeeding and three-hour postprandial blood samples collected from lambs on three occasions during the study showed similar plasma albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin, glucagon, T3, and T4 concentrations, irrespective of dietary chromium concentration.
|
From page 33... ...
(1996) conducted an isotope study to determine the effect of supplemental chromium on whole-body kinetics of glucose, lactate, and propionate in rams fed a high-grain diet.
|
From page 34... ...
Body Weight at Start and Duration of Experiment Improved Growth Rate Improved Feed Efficiency Britton et al.
|
From page 35... ...
No effect on plasma glucose, or insulin. ND 1' pelvic fat in wethers, P = 0.15.
|
From page 36... ...
Controlled studies will be required to establish the specific role of chromium for cattle undergoing stress and to establish recommendations for rates of chromium supplementation where its use may be appropriate. NONRUMINANTS Growing-Finishing Swine Most of the recent research on dietary chromium supplementation for swine has focused on performance and carcass characteristics of growing swine.
|
From page 37... ...
The basal diet contained 735,ug Cr/kg. Effects of CrPic on weight gain and feed efficiency were inconsistent among experiments.
|
From page 38... ...
Dietary chromium increased weight gain and feed intake of swine not challenged by an injection of E cold lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
|
From page 39... ...
Carcass data obtained when gilts weighed 114.5 kg showed that supplemental chromium increased loin eye area and percentage lean but did not affect other carcass traits, compared with carcasses of swine given no supplemental dietary chromium. Supplemental chromium had no effect on corpus luteum numbers in the gilts.
|
From page 40... ...
also found that weight gain, feed efficiency, loin eye area, and backfat thickness were not influenced by supplementing diets with 200,ug Cr/kg as CrPic. In this experiment, no effect of supplemental chromium on blood insulin-to-glucose ratio was detected.
|
From page 41... ...
Supplemental chromium improved weight gain and feed efficiency of swine fed the 80 percent lysine diet but slightly impaired performance of swine fed the 120 percent lysine diet. There were no indications that supplemental chromium alleviated the adverse effects of the stress of inadequate floor space on pig performance.
|
From page 42... ...
There also is limited information on metabolic changes that could be caused by supplementing swine diets with CrPic. Results of several experiments have shown that supplemental CrPic induced a hypoglycemic response or improved insulin efficiency in swine and, in some instances, in vitro lipogenic and lipolytic activities of adipocytes and livers were altered when swine were fed supplemental dietary chromium.
|
From page 43... ...
were unable to show that chromium fed in the absence of dietary vanadium was essential for optimal albumen quality of eggs, although they confirmed that chromium alleviated the deleterious effects of vanadium on albumen quality. They also reported that dietary chromium had no effect on glucose tolerance of White Leghorn hens, contrary to what has been reported for humans and rats (Mertz, 1992~.
|
From page 44... ...
Body Weight at Start and End and Duration Improved of Experiment Growth Rateb Improved Feed Efficiency GROWING PIGS Steele et al.
|
From page 45... ...
CHROMIUM AND NUTRITION 45 Hypoglycemic Increased Change in Response or Carcass Reduced Serum/Plasma Improved Insulin Muscling Carcass Fat Constituents Efficiency Other ND ND ND Yes Yes Yes Reduced ND cholesterol, increased triglycerides. Cooking qualities of pork not affected.
|
From page 46... ...
Body Weight at Start and End and Duration Improved of Experiment Growth Rateb Improved Feed Efficiency Berrio et al.
|
From page 47... ...
No No ND ND Factorial with 5% fish meal.
|
From page 48... ...
500 and 1,000 ,ug; 21 barrows; No No (1996b) Basal diet = 1,440 ,ug Start = 6 kg; (high-Cr yeast)
|
From page 49... ...
ND ND ND ND No effect on retention of copper or zinc by stressed pigs. No No No ND No effect of Cr on blood insulin-to glucose ratio.
|
From page 50... ...
Body Weight at Start and End and Duration of Experiment Improved Improved Feed Growth Rateb Efficiency Min et al.
|
From page 51... ...
with inadequate floor space (P<0.07)
|
From page 52... ...
39 gilts used. Definitions of abbreviations used in table: BW - body weight Cr- chromium CrNic - chromium nicotinate CrPic - chromium picolinate DM - dry matter d- day GTF - glucose tolerance factor HDL - high density lipoprotein LDL - low density lipoprotein lys - lysine ND - Not determined NEFA - nonesterified fatty acids pST - porcine somatotropin RBC - red blood cells wk- week bOnly statistically significant responses (P < 0.05)
|
From page 53... ...
CHROMIUM AND NUTRITION 53 Hypoglycemic Increased Change in Response or Carcass Reduced Serum/Plasma Improved Insulin Muscling Carcass Fat Constituents Efficiency Other Yes Yes Reduced serum ND insulin and insulin: glucose ratio.
|
From page 54... ...
Supplemental chromium did not affect rate of egg production, but average egg weight was increased and serum cholesterol was decreased for hens fed 400,ug Cr/kg of diet. Dry matter and protein digestibilities were improved when diets were supplemented with 200, 400, or 800 ,ug Cr.
|
From page 55... ...
Supplemental chromium did not affect growth rate or feed efficiency. Carcass fat was decreased by feeding 100 or 200 ,ug Cr/kg of diet.
|
From page 56... ...
Age/Duration of Increased Experiment Growth Rateb Baker and 3 mg (CrC13) Molitoris (1975)
|
From page 57... ...
Reduced plasma ND ND glucose and NEFA. Increased insulin.
|
From page 58... ...
Definitions of abbreviations used in table: ATP - adenosine triphosphate Cr- chromium CrC13 - chromium chloride CrPic - chromium picolinate d- day HDL - high density lipoprotein N -nitrogen ND - Not determined NEFA - nonesterified fatty acids S- sulfur V - vanadium wk- week bOnly statistically significant responses (P < 0.05) are indicated unless stated otherwise.
|
From page 59... ...
CHROMIUM AND NUTRITION 59 Improved Feed Decreased Efficiency Carcass Fat Change in Serum/Plasma Hypoglycem Constituents Response Other 1C No Yes, with 100 Decreased and 200 ,ug. cholesterol with greatest decrease from 200 ,ug Cr.
|
From page 60... ...
960, 37-wk-old hens; 6-wk trial. Definitions of abbreviations used in table: Cr- chromium CrC13 - chromium chloride CrPic - chromium picolinate d- day DM - dry matter ND - Not determined wk- week bOnly statistically significant responses (P < 0.05)
|
From page 61... ...
Improved DM and protein digestibility with 200, 400, and 800 ,ug. Decreased serum cholesterol with 400 ,ug.
|
From page 62... ...
The effects of added dietary chromium on growth rate and feed efficiency of growing poultry have differed, with improvements reported in four of eight experiments. An improvement in performance of young poultry was observed when CrCl3 was used to supply 20 mg Cr/kg of diet.
|
From page 63... ...
(1989) found no significant difference in food intake, body weight gain, glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity between two groups of weaning Wistar rats fed either 30 or 1,000,ug Cr/kg of diet as CrCl3 for 32 days.
|
From page 64... ...
Chromium absorption after 4 hours and retention after 24 hours were not significantly different for the forms of chromium tested. These data demonstrate that chromium concentrations are greatest in the kidney and that the form of dietary chromium significantly affects tissue chromium concentrations.
|
From page 65... ...
diet ad libitum. The mean serum chromium concentrations were increased by 2- to 10-fold for treated rabbits within 1 week of treatment.
|
From page 66... ...
Summary Research with rabbits indicates that cholesterol and plaque content of the vascular system were decreased by supplemental dietary chromium and that the dietary carbohydrate source can modify chromium metabolism. There is, however, insufficient information on which to base conclusions or recommendations concerning rabbits' need for dietary chromium.
|
From page 67... ...
The fish fed the glucose diet without supplemental chromium showed significantly less weight gain as well as more rapid plasma glucose peak time and elevated glucose-6-phosphate activity, compared with fish fed glucose diets with supplemental chromium, regardless of source. Fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with Cr2O3 had weight gain, feed intake, protein and energy retention, body lipid, and phosphofructokinase activity similar to that of fish fed cornstarch diets and much greater than found in fish fed the other glucose diets.
|
From page 68... ...
(1) It is not possible to make specific recommendations as to dietary form and concentration of chromium supplementation for cattle, poultry, and swine because · there are insufficient comparative data for the determination of relative biouvailabilities of chromium from supplemental sources; · only meager data are available from titration studies designed to determine supplemental chromium concentrations that are most effective for cattle, poultry, and swine; and · there have been no studies designed or conducted to determine dietary chromium requirements of cattle, poultry, or swine.
|
From page 69... ...
(7) Research should be designed to create reproducible signs of chromium deficiency in animals, which would facilitate the establishment of dietary chromium requirements by way of appropriate titration studies.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.