The New Americans Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (1997) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
5 Immigration's Effects on Jobs and Wages: Empirical Evidence
5 Immigration's Effects on Jobs and Wages: Empirical Evidence
Pages 173-253
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 173... ...
Most of the literature has examined these issues for male immigrants; to gauge the labor market success of immigrant women, we make comparisons between female immigrants and female natives similar to those we make for men. The section that follows directly addresses the issue of the impact that immigrants have on native workers' earnings and employment.
|
From page 174... ...
Given this paucity of direct evidence, the best we can do is make some simple contrasts between what immigrants earn here compared with average wages in the major sending counties.2 There are two salient facts in describing wages in the United States relative to those of potential sending countries. First, wages in the United States are high relative to those in the less economically developed sending countries, such as the Philippines, Mexico, and the other Central and South American countries.
|
From page 175... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 175 TABLE 5.1 Per Capita Gross Domestic Product Measures, for Selected Countries, 1992 GDP Per Capita Region and Country Relative to U.S.GDP Per Capita Europe Austria 73.216,989 Czechoslovakia 23.25,066 France 78.518,232 Germany 87.020,197 Greece 39.08,203 Hungary 24.95,780 Italy 72.016,724 Poland 21.14,907 Portugal 41.39,005 U.S.S.R. 41.98,780 United Kingdom 70.216,302 Yugoslavia 25.05,467 Asia Cambodia NANA China 7.91,838 India 7.01,633 Iran 17.94,161 Japan 85.819,920 Korea 42.19,358 Laos 7.71,710 Lebanon NANA Philippines 9.42,172 Taiwan 45.19,850 Vietnam NANA North and South America Argentina 25.3 Canada 90.3 Colombia 18.3 Cuba NA Dominican Republic 12.6 Ecuador 14.7 Guatemala 12.4 Haiti 4.6 Jamaica 13.4 Mexico 33.9 Nicaragua 6.6 Panama 17.7 Peru 11.3 5,532 20,970 4,254 NA 2,918 3,420 2,888 957 2,978 7,867 1,441 4,102 2,602 continued on next page
|
From page 176... ...
For example, the hourly wages of foreignborn men in 1990 were 7 percent lower than those of native-born male workers, and annual earnings were 15 percent lower (Table 5.2~. These gaps vary greatly across the sending countries, ranging from wages that are only one-half of native wages among recent Mexican male immigrants to wage premiums among European and Canadian male immigrants.
|
From page 177... ...
The widening gap between recent immigrants and natives is accounted for at least in part by the shift in immigrants' home countries: immigrants in 1990 included large numbers from Latin America and Asia, whereas in 1970 a larger share came from Europe. Recent male immigrants from Europe did well relative to natives throughout this period, moving from a slight deficit in earnings relative to natives in 1970 to substantially higher earnings in 1990.
|
From page 178... ...
Similar patterns appear in comparing the hourly wages and annual earnings of native and foreign-born women (Table 5.3~. Recent arrivals have lower wages and earnings than native women; this gap has widened over time, whereas earlier arrivals fare well relative to natives throughout the period.
|
From page 179... ...
This reflects the rapid increase in employment rates experienced by native women. 6This is not just an artifact of the larger share of immigrants in the population; no matter what that share, the sum of the representation of immigrants in each of the deciles has to be 100 percent.
|
From page 180... ...
180 THE NEW AMERICANS TABLE 5.4 Distribution of 1990 Hourly Wages of the Foreign-Born by Native Wage Decile, for Immigration States, California, and Los Angeles (percentage) Foreign-born, by Time of Arrival Foreign Area Decile Natives born 1985-90 1980-84 Before 1980 Immigration 1 10 17.7 27.5 21.8 13.7 States 2 10 14.5 19.4 17.8 12.1 3 10 12.0 12.4 13.6 11.3 4 10 10.1 9.1 10.5 10.3 5 10 9.0 7.0 8.6 9.6 6 10 8.1 5.8 7.3 9.0 7 10 7.2 4.7 5.7 8.4 8 10 7.0 4.4 5.1 8.3 9 10 6.9 4.3 4.7 8.3 10 10 7.5 5.5 4.9 9.C Aorta l 1U ZZ.
|
From page 181... ...
There is a great deal of diversity among immigrants in their incomes in the United States. For both male and female immigrants, the lowest wages are received by recent immigrants and by immigrants from Mexico, Central America, and South America.
|
From page 182... ...
Even if the United States had not adopted the 1965 amendments, the improvements in economic conditions in Western Europe would have reduced the number of immigrants from these historical source countries. If skill levels vary across countries or if skills from different countries are not equally transferable to the United States, then the changing mix in national origins of the immigrant flow generates cohort effects.7 To determine whether such cohort effects indeed exist, it is instructive to summarize the key trends in some measures of skills over the past three decades.8 Table 5.5 reports both the distribution of educational attainment as well as the percentage wage differential between immigrant and native workers over this period; it presents data on men and women separately.
|
From page 183... ...
10.7 11.6 11.6 % less than high school diploma 48.9 37.7 37.1 % college graduate 18.2 25.0 26.2 Percent wage differential between immigrants and natives -0.7 -9.5 -16.0 Recent immigrants (less than 5 years in U.S.) Mean educational attainment (in years)
|
From page 184... ...
About two-fifths of both male natives and recent male immigrants were high school dropouts, but 27.7 percent of male immigrants were college graduates, almost double the college graduation rate of the native workers. By 1990, however, the relative educational attainment of the most recent male immigrants had declined substantially.
|
From page 185... ...
Twenty-seven years ago, immigrant women were slightly less likely to be college graduates than were native women, a difference that has remained relatively constant since. As was the case for men, secular trends are more apparent if we examine data only for recent immigrants.
|
From page 186... ...
Table 5.8 also reports the na iiThese differences cannot be attributed to the fact that some national origin groups have lived in the United States for longer periods. There is substantial dispersion in both educational attainment and relative wages even among male and female immigrants who have been in the country more than 10 years.
|
From page 187... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 187 TABLE 5.6 Educational Attainment and Wages of Immigrant Men in 1990, by National Origin Group Educational Attainment (years) All Pre- 1980 Percentage Wage Differential Between Immigrants and Natives All Pre- 1980 Country of Birth Immigrants Arrivals Immigrants Arrivals Europe Asia Austria 14.5 14.337.538.2 Czechoslovakia 14.5 14.627.137.6 France 14.8 14.028.127.7 Germany 13.9 13.722.822.1 Greece 11.8 11.62.55.4 Hungary 13.6 13.426.529.6 Italy 11.0 10.817.818.3 Poland 12.7 12.33.320.5 Portugal 8.3 8.4-1.8-0.1 U.S.S.R.
|
From page 188... ...
The predicted 1990 wage of immigrants had there been no change in national origin between 1970 and 1990 is given by: w-= I,qiWi ~ (2) and these numbers are given in the last rows of Table 5.8.~2 The average wage of male immigrants in 1990, therefore, would have been 0.2 percent lower than that of natives had there been no change in national origin; the actual wage was 17.2 percent smaller.
|
From page 189... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 189 TABLE 5.7 Educational Attainment and Wages of Immigrant Women in 1990, by National Origin Group Educational Attainment (years) Percentage Wage Differential Between Immigrants and Natives All Pre- 1980All Pre- 1980 Country of Birth Immigrants ArrivalsImmigrants Arrivals Europe Austria 13.5 13.517.4 17.1 Czechoslovakia 13.6 13.412.0 16.0 France 14.0 13.613.7 11.9 Germany 13.0 12.9-0.3 -0.5 Greece 11.3 11.1-1.1 -0.3 Hungary 13.3 13.217.7 20.9 Italy 10.5 10.32.6 1.5 Poland 12.3 12.0-1.4 5.3 Portugal 8.3 8.4-8.5 -6.1 U.S.S.R.
|
From page 190... ...
This simple exercise points to a striking result: the relative decline in the economic status of both male and female immigrants can be attributed essentially to a single factor the changing national-origin mix of the immigrant flow. If that mix had not changed in the past few decades, we would not have seen much change in the relative wage of immigrants.~3 WHO ARE THE IMMIGRANTS?
|
From page 191... ...
191 .g o _, Vet a' _.
|
From page 192... ...
Instead, we use a summary measure created by taking average earnings of U.S. men in each occupation and then assigning such a value to each immigrant based on the occupation they reported a value we will term "occupational earnings."~5 Table 5.9 presents these numbers for six broad occupation categories, along with the distribution of new permanent residents across these categories for three entry cohorts 1977, 1982, and 1994.~6 Average occupational earnings appear below the figures giving the occupa i4Reported occupation may or may not correspond to an immigrant's occupation once employed in the United States.
|
From page 194... ...
Similarly, among immigrant women, occupational income declined 0.6 percent between 1977 and 1994, and that of native women rose 4.1 percent. These trends are broadly consistent with the earlier evidence on trends among recent immigrants in conventional household surveys.
|
From page 196... ...
To sum up, the decline in the relative skills of the foreign-born over the last few decades is not due exclusively to illegal immigrants or nonimmigrants. The data suggest that the relative skills of legal immigrants have also been falling over this period.
|
From page 197... ...
on this issue instead simply compared the earnings of immigrants and native workers of different ages at a point in time using a single crosssectional data set. The essential nature of the cross-sectional evidence is summarized in Figure 5.1, which illustrates the predicted age-earnings profiles of immigrants and natives implied by the 1970 census.
|
From page 198... ...
Table 5.12 follows wage growth of specific cohorts of male immigrants and male natives across U.S. censuses.
|
From page 199... ...
Comparably aged male immigrants who arrived between 1965 and 1969 had a similar experience: they earned 11.2 percent less than natives in 1970 and 6.6 percent less in 1980. Men who enter the country at older ages tend to face more adverse economic opportunities, both initially and throughout their working lives.
|
From page 200... ...
The statistics are calculated in the subsample of women aged 25-64 years who work in the civilian sector, who are not self-employed, and who do not reside in group quarters. earned 21.8 percent less than natives at the time of entry; men aged 45 to 54 years who entered the country at the same time earned 29.8 percent less than natives at the time of entry.
|
From page 201... ...
Although some patterns appear, especially when we stratify by schooling levels and age, no systematic pattern appears between the size of the initial immigrant wage deficit relative to native-born workers and the rate at which the two converge. The historical pattern suggests that the wage gap between young male immigrants and male natives may narrow by about 10 percentage points during the first two decades after immigration.
|
From page 202... ...
In particular, Mexican immigrants, who have very high initial wage gaps with native-born workers, experience no wage convergence with natives during their time in the United States. In contrast, immigrant groups from Europe and Asia experienced significant wage convergence with native workers.
|
From page 203... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 203 TABLE 5.14 Observed Wage Growth of Specific Cohorts of Immigrant Men from Mexico and from Countries Other Than Mexico Year Cohort/Age Group197019801990 Immigrants from Mexico 1960-64 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 -11.2-20.0 25-34 in 1970-24.0-26.9-35.9 35-44 in 1970-37.6-35.7-35.9 45-54 in 1970-41.9-41.Q 1965-69 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 -18.9-29.2 25-34 in 1970-39.8-31.9-39.5 35-44 in 1970-52.2-38.2-44.7 45-54 in 1970-49.0-36.7 1970-74 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -27.0-35.9 35-44 in 1980 -38.7-47.2 45-54 in 1980 -45.8-47.8 1975-79 arrivals 15-24 in 1980 -40.0-43.2 25-34 in 1980 -51.1-52.7 35-44 in 1980 -53.6-54.5 1980-84 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -37.4 35-44 in 1990 -51.1 45-54 in 1990 -57~3 1985-90 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -44.7 35-44 in 1990 -55.1 45-54 in 1990 -62.1 Immigrants from Countries Other Than Mexico 1960-64 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 5.712.0 25-34in 19709.17.110.0 35-44 in 1970-0.5-0.19.7 45-54 in 1970-11.8-5.7 1965-69 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 2.14.6 25-34in 1970-7.50.26.5 35-44 in 1970-14.0-12.9-4.1 45-54 in 1970-20.7-19.6 1970-74 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -3.55.6 35-44 in 1980 -11.3-5.2 45-54 in 1980 -22.3-14.C continued on next page
|
From page 204... ...
If return migrants are disproportionately workers who have lower than average wages, intercensus tracking of immigrant cohorts may indicate an improvement in relative wages, even if none has taken place. Alternatively, the rate of wage convergence would be underestimated if return migrants are the more successful members of the original immigrant cohort.
|
From page 205... ...
.22 If immigrants who leave earn about 30 percent more than those who stay, equation 4 then indicates that the true rate of wage convergence is about 9 percentage points higher than the observed rate of wage convergence. The data in Table 5.12 suggest, however, that even if we add 9 percentage points to the wage growth experienced by the surviving immigrants, the wage of recent immigrants will remain far below that of native workers.
|
From page 206... ...
The statistics are calculated in the subsample of men aged 2564 years who did not reside in group quarters. Since these tables have exactly the same format as those that tracked cohortspecific trends in wages, they can be used to examine both changes in employment across immigrant cohorts as well as career trajectories in relative employment rates of immigrants.23 23As was the case in examining relative wage growth by tracking cohorts over time, selective emigration may explain part of this convergence of employment rates.
|
From page 207... ...
The statistics are calculated in the subsample of women aged 25-64 years who did not reside in group quarters. Each number in these tables expresses the difference between the percentage of immigrants and natives of the same ages who are employed.
|
From page 208... ...
Shifts in the national origins of new female immigrants can account for approximately one-third of the relative decline in employment between the cohorts who entered before 1970 and those entering in the 24Each of the cases in which immigrants show very high employment rates relative to natives occurs when a cohort is aged 55 to 64 years. Employment rates for natives drop dramatically at these ages for example in 1980, 87 percent of men aged 45 to 54 years worked, compared with 64 percent of men aged 55 to 64 years in 1990.
|
From page 209... ...
Once these restrictions were removed, employment rates of immigrant women converged toward those of native-born women.26 For both men and women, the employment rates of new immigrant cohorts have been declining relative to those of native workers. Immigrants catch up relatively quickly, however, so that after some years they exhibit employment rates quite similar to those of natives.
|
From page 210... ...
more than one out of every four Physics Professors is an immigrant, as is about one out of every five doctors.30 The relative fraction of all immigrant workers who are new immigrants offers some hint about whether any of these occupations serve as entry-level jobs for new immigrants. Many new male immigrants are dental assistants, and a popular field for new female immigrants is teaching economics.
|
From page 211... ...
Foreign language teachers 39.8 39.7 50.0 33.7 2. Political science teachers 31.9 43.3 53.0 100.0 3.
|
From page 212... ...
Statisticians 11.5 33.1 16.5 33.1 aHigh immigration states are California, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Texas. Note: High education occupations are defined as those in which at least 3.46 percent of all hours worked by native workers are accounted for by those with a professional degree or a PhD, and less than 12.19 percent of native hours are accounted for by those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent (3.46 percent and 12.19 percent represent the overall fraction of hours accounted for by workers in the respective education groups)
|
From page 213... ...
Kitchen workers, food preparation 31.9 52.1 46.0 52.3 17. Private household cleaners and servants 31.9 55.4 46.5 53.3 18.
|
From page 214... ...
Note: Low education occupations are defined as those in which at least 12.19 percent of all hours worked by native workers are accounted for by those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent (12.19 percent represents the overall fraction of hours accounted for by workers with less than a high school diploma)
|
From page 215... ...
New low-skilled female immigrants clean houses and often care for the children who live in them. Within these low-education occupations, the share of recent male immigrants as a fraction of all male immigrants exceeds 60 percent for such jobs as waiters' or waitresses' assistants, miscellaneous food preparation, and parking lot attendants.
|
From page 216... ...
216 THE NEW AMERICANS TABLE 5.19 Top 20 Medium-Education Occupations, Ranked by Native Share of Hours Worked National Share of Hours Worked Share of Hours Worked in 6 Immigration Statesa AllRecent/ AllRecent/ Occupation ImmigrantsAll ImmigrantsAll Men 1. Tool and die maker apprentices 0.0 0.0 2.
|
From page 217... ...
Firefighting occupations 2.8 0.0 4.9 0.0 aHigh immigration states are California, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Texas. Note: Medium-education occupations are defined as those in which less than 12.19 percent of all hours worked by native workers were accounted for by those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent, and less than 3.46 percent of all hours worked by native workers were accounted for by those with a graduate or professional degree (12.19 percent and 3.46 percent represent the overall fraction of hours accounted for by workers in those education groups)
|
From page 218... ...
All in all, the data suggest that the jobs of immigrant and native workers are different. One can find jobs that are dominated by immigrants at both the high and the low end of the educational distribution: teachers and scientists at the high end, service workers and what are sometimes referred as crafts people at the low end.
|
From page 219... ...
During the 1980s, immigration increased the supply of all workers by about 4 percent. Therefore, immigration may reduce the wage of competing native workers by only about 1.2 percent.34 34The theoretical discussion in Hamermesh (1993: 22-28)
|
From page 220... ...
If immigration reduces marginal costs (because it reduces wages) , it would lead to a reduction in the price of the output, which would in turn induce an additional reduction in the wages of native workers.
|
From page 221... ...
For the most part, these studies compare the economic performance of natives who live in cities where few immigrants live with the economic performance of natives who live in cities where many immigrants live. If immigration truly has an adverse impact on the earnings of some native workers, we would expect to find that some natives in immigrant cities would have lower earnings or lower employment propensities (or both)
|
From page 222... ...
All natives Factor share of -.02 native workers LaLonde and Topel (1991: 186) Young black natives Annual earnings Young Hispanic natives Annual earnings Panel B: Native Employment Altonji and Card (1991: 220)
|
From page 223... ...
The trend between 1980 and 1985 was similar to that in other cities, such as Los Angeles, Houston, and Atlanta, which did not experience the Mariel flow. The evidence also indicates that the numerically weak relationship between native wages and immigration is observed across all types of native workers, white and black, skilled and unskilled, male and female.
|
From page 224... ...
Some black adults live in places with heavy concentrations of immigrants, but as such they are very few. As these numbers suggest, black Americans and immigrants reside in different states: 63 percent of blacks live in states other than the six top immigration states.
|
From page 225... ...
of natives and the presence of immigrants to measure whether immigration adversely affects native workers. In particular, the comparison of economic conditions in different metropolitan areas, as well as the pro- and postimmigration comparison in a particular metropolitan area, presumes that the labor markets are closed (once immigration takes place)
|
From page 226... ...
If this is a full adjustment, all competing native workers are worse off from immigration by the same amount, not simply those residing in cities where immigrants cluster. If so, the comparison of native economic opportunities across local labor markets will not capture the macro effect of immigration.39 However, if we accept this reasoning and then move to the national level, we must also accept that the increases in total supply due to immigration are much lower if they are calculated at the national level.
|
From page 227... ...
Post-1979 immigration increased the relative supply of dropouts by roughly 15 percent. Over that same period, the relative wages of high school dropouts fell by roughly 11 percent.
|
From page 228... ...
IMMIGRATION AND NATIVE MIGRATION A central linkage between the impact of immigration on local labor markets and the national economy concerns how the internal migration flows of native workers respond to immigration. The economic impacts of immigration on local labor markets will generally be smaller the larger the net internal outflow of native workers induced by inflows of immigrants into an area.40 Our evidence on whether internal migration patterns are affected by immigration is contained in Table 5.22.
|
From page 229... ...
229 sit ca ¢ o ~ ca 4= o t,.4 · ~ .0 C)
|
From page 230... ...
This migration process may play an important role in the estimation of the immigrant effect on native earnings, according to related evidence. If native workers or native capital responds to immigration by moving to other labor markets, the impact of immigration on labor market opportunities will be relatively small when spatial correlations are calculated at the city level (it is easy to move from one city to another)
|
From page 231... ...
For each commodity listed in the input-output tables, the cost share of immigrant labor is calculated by summing up the immigrant cost share in each of the steps in the production process. Commodities are then aggregated into 48 broad expenditure categories.
|
From page 232... ...
details about the calculation of the immigrant labor shares and the aggregation into broad expenditure categories. The categories that have relatively high immigrant labor-cost shares include household services (18.2 percent)
|
From page 233... ...
males and couples in which both spouses work have the highest fraction of expenditures attributable to immigrant labor 5.1 percent (see
|
From page 234... ...
This is so because these households spend a greater proportion of their income on services, in particular household services and food consumption away from home, both expenditure categories with relatively high immigrant labor shares. As a final summary, Table 5.25 presents estimates that simultaneously examine the effects of various consumer characteristics such as household income, education level and race of the head of household, and household compositionon the share of household expenditures attributable to immigrant labor.
|
From page 235... ...
This gap between foreign-born and native workers has widened recently, and recent arrivals and immigrants from Latin America have the lowest wages. The growth in this gap has come about despite improvement in the education levels of new immigrants over the last several decades.
|
From page 236... ...
However, the weak observed relationship between native wages and immigration may be due to problems with this approach. If native workers and firms respond to the entry of immigrants by moving to areas offering better opportunities, the wages of all competing native workers fall, not just the wages of natives working in the cities where immigrants cluster.
|
From page 237... ...
Filer, R.K. 1992 The effect of immigrant arrivals on migratory patterns of native workers.
|
From page 238... ...
Funkhouser, E., and S.J. Trejo 1996 Female Immigrants in the United States.
|
From page 239... ...
Liang 1993 The Effect of Immigration on the Internal Migration of the Native-Born Population, 1981-1990. Unpublished manuscript, Brown University.
|
From page 240... ...
240 THE NEW AMERICANS APPENDIX 5.A OBSERVED WAGE GROWTH OF MEN AND WOMEN The following tables (A1-A3) supplement the material on immigrants' characteristics presented in the text.
|
From page 241... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 241 TABLE 5.A1 Observed Wage Growth of Specific Cohorts of Immigrant Men, by Education Level (Percentage Wage Differential Between Immigrants and Natives, by Age Group and Year of Arrival) Year Cohort/Age Group 1970 1980 1990 0-8 years of school 1960-1964 arrival 15-24 in 1970 7.78.9 25-34in 1970 12.7 7.28.1 35-44 in 1970 -1.0 -0.15.2 45-54 in 1970 -4.3 -6.7 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 6.612.6 25-34in 1970 -2.4 0.15.4 35-44 in 1970 -15.7 -8.52.8 45-54 in 1970 -15.5 -9.5 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -3.34.3 35-44 in 1980 -7.9-10.8 45-54 in 1980 -15.6-8.9 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -18.0-7.3 35-44 in 1980 -24.9-17.4 45-54 in 1980 -29.8-22.3 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -9.3 35-44 in 1990 -16.8 45-54 in 1990 -24.5 1985-1989 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -17.7 35-44 in 1990 -25.4 45-54 in 1990 -34~4 9-11 years of school 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 12.120.7 25-34in 1970 15.8 7.58.3 35-44in 1970 -1.3 0.57.8 45-54 in 1970 -18.7 -8.9 continued on next page
|
From page 242... ...
242 TABLE 5.A1 Continued THE NEW AMERICANS Year Cohort/Age Group197019801990 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24in 1970 2.212.1 25-34in 1970-4.12.31.2 35-44 in 1970-16.0-8.4-1.9 45-54 in 1970-17.5-14.5 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -7.84.7 35-44 in 1980 -12.4-5.0 45-54 in 1980 -25.3-6.5 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -20.4-7.0 35-44 in 1980 -21.4-19.1 45-54 in 1980 -27.0-18.5 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -9.5 35-44 in 1990 -17.4 45-54 in 1990 -23.8 1985-1989 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -20.7 35-44 in 1990 -24.7 45-54 in 1990 -29.1 High school graduates 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 -1.56.3 25-34in 19704.00.0-1.1 35-44 in 1970-0.8-8.34.1 45-54 in 1970-17.2-13.7 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 -3.13.0 25-34 in 1970-15.5-10.2-3.4 35-44 in 1970-16.8-17.7-2.6 45-54 in 1970-24.3-23.9 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -10.5-1.0 35-44 in 1980 -21.0-15.9 45-54 in 1980 -25.4-14.5
|
From page 243... ...
IMMIGRATION'S EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 243 TABLE 5.A1 Continued Year Cohort/Age Group197019801990 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -22.1-10.0 35-44 in 1980 -25.5-18.5 45-54 in 1980 -31.7-21.0 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -13.3 35-44 in 1990 -22.2 45-54 in 1990 -30~5 1985-1989 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -21.5 35-44 in 1990 -28.3 45-54 in 1990 -34~7 Some College 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24in 1970 3.15.8 25-34in 19702.00.81.8 35-44 in 1970-2.1-8.00.1 45-54 in 1970-14.7-13.1 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 0.1-1.9 25-34 in 1970-15.7-9.4-5.6 35-44 in 1970-3.4-11.5-7.3 45-54 in 1970-12.7-20.9 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -6.8-3.5 35-44 in 1980 -18.2-11.7 45-54 in 1980 -18.7-16.9 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -18.4-9.0 35-44 in 1980 -22.3-20.0 45-54 in 1980 -30.5-16.2 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -13.8 35-44 in 1990 -21.3 45-54 in 1990 -30~9 continued on next page
|
From page 244... ...
The statistics are calculated in the subsample of men aged 25-64 years who work in the civilian sector, who are not self-employed, and who do not reside in group quarters.
|
From page 245... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 245 TABLE 5.A2 Observed Wage Growth of Specific Cohorts of Immigrant Women, by Education Level (Percentage Wage Differential Between Immigrants and Natives, by Age Group and Year of Arrival) Year Cohort/Age Group 1970 1980 1990 0-8 years of school 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 25-34 in 1970 35-44 in 1970 45-54 in 1970 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 25-34 in 1970 35-44 in 1970 45-54 in 1970 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 35-44 in 1980 45-54 in 1980 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 35-44 in 1980 45-54 in 1980 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 35-44 in 1990 45-54 in 1990 1985-1989 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 35-44 in 1990 45-54 in 1990 9-11 years of school 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 25-34 in 1970 35-44 in 1970 45-54 in 1970 17.2 21.4 13.7 2.2 2.9 2.0 2.6 14.4 5.7 7.9 8.5 9.5 3.6 -0.0 2.5 2.2 0.7 -6.6 -4.8 -8.6 16.0 14.6 14.4 11.3 14.9 7.0 9.2 7.7 4.4 0.8 -2.3 2.8 -3.0 -5.7 -5.5 -12.2 -13.1 -9.8 11.8 11.6 13.2 6.3 18.2 12.0 8.0 9.2 10.0 3.5 continued on next page
|
From page 246... ...
246 TABLE 5.A2 Continued THE NEW AMERICANS Year Cohort/Age Group1970 1980 1990 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 8.6 17.1 25-34in 197010.1 12.2 10.8 35-44in 1970-5.8 9.3 10.3 45-54 in 1970-4.8 -1.4 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34in 1980 6.1 10.2 35-44in 1980 2.6 0.6 45-54 in 1980 -1.3 -2.1 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 35-44 in 1980 45-54 in 1980 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 35-44 in 1990 45-54 in 1990 1985-1989 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 35-44 in 1990 45-54 in 1990 High school graduates -3.9 4.7 1.4 -0.4 -11.0 -8.7 1.5 -0.8 -8.2 -7.0 -10.9 -15.0 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24in 1970 8.4 14.9 25-34in 1970 8.1 0.9 3.5 35-44 in 1970 -2.0 -1.4 2.2 45-54 in 1970 -8.5 -7.9 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 5.1 11.7 25-34in 1970 -0.7 3.4 2.3 35-44 in 1970 -5.9 -1.3 1.9 45-54 in 1970 -22.7 -8.3 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -2.4 5.2 35-44 in 1980 -2.6 4.2 45-54 in 1980 -8.1 -1.0
|
From page 247... ...
IMMIGRATION'S EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 247 TABLE 5.A2 Continued Year Cohort/Age Group 1970 1980 1990 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -9.3 3.4 35-44 in 1980 -3.6 -2.2 45-54 in 1980 -13.7 -7.0 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 35-44 in 1990 45-54 in 1990 1985-1989 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 35-44 in 1990 45-54 in 1990 Some college -4.0 -3.7 -9.8 -8.8 -15.7 -22.8 1960-1964 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 5.7 12.7 25-34 in 1970 11.1 4.9 9.2 35-44 in 1970 -1.1 1.2 4.1 45-54 in 1970 8.0 1.2 1965-1969 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 8.5 8.6 25-34in 1970 -8.2 8.6 8.4 35-44 in 1970 -9.8 1.5 6.9 45-54 in 1970 -15.0 -4.0 1970-1974 arrivals 25-34in 1980 1.3 6.2 35-44 in 1980 -2.4 5.0 45-54 in 1980 -5.7 3.8 1975-1979 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -7.0 3.6 35-44 in 1980 -8.2 -1.3 45-54 in 1980 -18.5 1.7 1980-1984 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -2.3 35-44 in 1990 -7~5 45-54 in 1990 -15.5 continued on next page
|
From page 248... ...
The statistics are calculated in the subsample of women aged 25-64 years who work in the civilian sector, who are not self-employed, and who do not reside in group quarters.
|
From page 249... ...
IMMIGRATIONS EFFECTS ON JOBS AND WAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 249 TABLE 5.A3 Observed Wage Growth of Specific Cohorts of Immigrant Women from Mexico and from Countries Other Than Mexico Year Cohort/Age Group 1970 1980 1990 Immigrants from Mexico 1960-64 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 -9.0 -16.6 25-34 in 1970-25.2-20.0 -26.2 35-44 in 1970-12.9-21.6 -25.8 45-54 in 1970-21.6-21.2 1965-69 arrivals 15-24 in 1970 -17.7 -25.6 25-34 in 1970-31.0-21.0 -29.4 35-44 in 1970-36.1-23.6 -28.3 45-54 in 1970-33.5-28.1 1970-74 arrivals 25-34 in 1980 -26.0 -31.7 35-44 in 1980 -26.6 -34.3 45-54 in 1980 -30.8 -35.5 1975-79 arrivals 15-24 in 1980 -33.3 -37.1 25-34 in 1980 -32.4 -40.9 35-44 in 1980 -34.9 -37. 1980-84 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -36.( 35-44 in 1990 -42.: 45-54 in 1990 -44.2 1985-90 arrivals 25-34 in 1990 -40.9 35-44 in 1990 -42.8 45-54 in 1990 -46.9 Immigrants from Countries Other Than Mexico 1960-64 arrivals 15-24in 1970 7.3 16.0 25-34in 19705.24.5 7.4 35-44in 19700.70.2 5.1 45-54 in 1970-4.0-3.1 continued on next page
|
From page 250... ...
Census of Population. The statistics are calculated in the subsample of men aged 25-64 years who work in the civilian sector, who are not self-employed, and who do not reside in group quarters.
|
From page 251... ...
To relate a dollar of consumption expenditure to the share of immigrant labor, several steps are undertaken. Industries produce commodities using inputs such as labor and capital in combination with intermediate inputs, which may have been produced by other industries.
|
From page 252... ...
The immigrant labor share is defined as the share of total wages that flows to immigrants within every industry.
|
From page 253... ...
Commodities are weighted by the amount of personal consumption expenditures (PCE) to determine labor shares by expenditure category.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.