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From page 413... ... See also Black immigrants; Blacks; specific country attitudes toward immigration, 13, 392, 394 413 employment impacts on, 6, 220, 222224 social and spatial mobility, 366 African immigrants. See also specific country citizenship, 382 educational attainment, 188, 190 fiscal impact, 277, 280-282, 290-291 gender profiles, 190 household characteristics, 272-273, 290-291 lotteries, 46 volume, 177 wages, 176-178, 188, 190 Age profiles. Read the entire page →
From page 414... ... See also specific country attitudes about, 392 citizenship, 26 n.6, 30, 382 educational attainment, 12, 186, 187, 189, 366 emigration from U.S., 40 English proficiency, 376 exclusion, 23-25, 26 fiscal burden of, 275,280,282,288,322 gender profiles, 186-187, 189, 191 household characteristics, 271-273, 275, 277, 278, 283, 290-291, 293 integration, 367-368 intermarriage, 370-371 occupational attainment, 366 quotas, 27 segregation indices, 367 skills, 28 volume, 28, 32, 36, 37, 38 wages, 186, 187, 189, 191, 202, 236 waiting lists, 46 Asian population, U.S. ancestry, 85, 90-92, 119, 120-122 attitudes toward immigration, 392 n.23, 396 defined, 80 exogamy,90-92,115-116,117,122,132 fertility,85-87,115 intermarriage rates, 91, 113, 132 mortality, 88, 131 population growth and size, 4, 114115, 117, 121, 122 racial/ethnic attribution, 93, 115-116, 117, 118, 123, 133 size, 114-115 Assimilation of immigrants. Read the entire page →
From page 415... ... See Public assistance, benefits, and services; individual programs fiscal impacts, 302 to later generations, 83, 130 multiple-ancestry, 84, 90, 92 rates, 34, 85-87, 96-97 underreporting, 85 Black immigrants. See also Africa; African Americans; specific country ancestry, 84-85, 90-92, 119, 120 attitudes about, 392, 394, 396, 404, 405 attitudes toward immigration, 13, 392, 395 distribution, 224 education, 375 employment impacts, 6, 220, 222-224 exogamy, 90-92, 118-119 n.46, 132 fertility rates, 85-87, 114 integration, 366, 367, 369 intermarriage, 113, 132 male, 222 mortality, 88, 131 population size and growth, 114, 115, 116, 121, 123 racial/ethnic attribution, 93, 114, 118, 133, 375 Read the entire page →
From page 416... ... See Latin America and the Caribbean Castro, Fidel, 223 Census, 141. See also Bureau of the Census Central America, 174 Read the entire page →
From page 417... ... See also Fertility rates Children of immigrants, 9, 41, 42, 43-44, 45,54,55,57,58,298,309,316323, 327, 377, 395 China, 62, 175, 176 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 14, 23, 24, 50 n.23 Chinese immigrants, 16, 23, 24, 26 n.6, 28, 42, 46, 50 n.23, 374 Chinese Student Protection Act, 42, 46 Citizens, relatives of, 41-42 Citizenship and naturalization advantages, 378-379 annual growth of, 379-382 Asian immigrants, 24, 26, 30, 382 eligibility, 22 n.3, 379 historical perspective, 379 n.8, 380, 382 incentives/propensity, 30, 378-379, 382 international comparisons, 379-380, 381 temporal trends, 382 Civil War, U.S., 47-48 Coale-Demeny model life tables, 125 Colbert, Claudette, 385 College enrollments, 104- 105, 122 Colorado, 386 Commodity labor shares, 232-235, 251253 Comparative advantage, 147-148 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) , 323324, 339 n.27, 346 Consumer Expenditure Survey, 232 Consumer price impacts of immigrant labor, 231-233, 251-253 household composition and, 232-235 occupational distribution of immigrants and, 144, 230-231 Consumer price index, 274 417 Consumer spending by immigrants changes, 264-266 measurement of, 264 Consumption of goods expenditures attributable to immigrant labor, 232-235 specialization in, 145 Crime and violence, 364, 386-389 Criminals, exclusion of, 23 Croatia, 386 Cuba, 386 Cuban Americans, 393 Cuban immigrants, 44, 181, 223, 365, 367 n.3, 375 Cultural impacts on arts and sciences, 383-386 concerns, 14, 383 family structure and, 55 generational, 82, 383 Current Population Surveys (CPS) Read the entire page →
From page 418... ... See also specific counny Eastern Hemisphere immigrants, 24, 26, 27 Economic growth agglomeration effects and, 150 assimilation of immigrants and, 9, 181182, 196-204 conceptual framework, 155-156 crowding effects and, 150, 303 emigration and, 155 endogenous, 162 entrepreneurs and, 162- 163 exogenous, 162 fertility rates and, 158, 160 fiscal impact of immigration, 8-12, 98, 271, 274, 275-276, 278-279, 284, 291-294 gains to immigrants, 174- 181 generational assimilation and, 5, 10, 158-160, 164-165 INDEX historical context, 154-155 labor markets and, 4, 6, 16-17, 151164, 220 migration and, 154-155, 157, 162 persistence of effects, 158-160 single-good model, 155-158 technological changes and, 155, 160163 two-good model, 166- 169 Economic impacts. See also specific aspects of the economy dollar-exchange rate, 148 gains to immigrants, 174- 181 labor-market changes, 137- 142 of nonimmigrants, 49-50 of population change, 77, 98 prices of goods and services, 135-136, 137, 230-235 recession, 308 unemployment, 104 Ecuador, 175, 176 Education, public assimilation and, 372-376 bilingual, 311, 321, 326, 356 generational perspective, 311, 312, 355-358, 374-376 policies, 103-104 public spending on, 273 n.27, 276, 281 Educational attainment age profiles, 241-248 and attitudes toward immigration, 13, 390-392, 396, 403 and earnings, 302, 307 and emigration, 39 and expenditures attributable to immigrant labor, 233-235 and fiscal impact, 10-11, 307, 327332, 353, 358-361 gender profiles, 183- 190, 241 -248 generational perspective, 355-358 labor-market impacts, 77, 141-142, 151, 220 national origin and, 7, 186-190 by nativity, 141-142, 182-185 and net present value, 327-336 requirements, 46 Read the entire page →
From page 419... ... 40 entry routes, 31 n. l l fiscal burden, 9-10, 275, 277, 280, 282, 288 gender profiles, 176- 178, 186- 187, 189, 191 Read the entire page →
From page 420... ... See also Households, all defined, 56 n.23 modeling, 305 n.5, 335 public services utilization, 255 reunification policy, 29, 38, 53, 54, 56, 64, 68, 218 structure, 55-59 tax contribution, 255 Family-sponsored admission preferences admissions, 28 n.7, 41, 43, 64 and earnings, 194, 195 international comparisons, 64 legislation, 27-28 numerical limits, 41, 42 waiting lists, 44-45 Farmworkers, 27, 29, 52 Federal budget adjustments, 325, 338 benefits, 325, 338 INDEX calculating, 303 for California immigrants, 280, 282, 321-323 capital costs, 303 congestion costs, 303, 315, 316 current costs, 303 deficit, 299-300, 318 n.l5, 324, 325 net annual fiscal impact of immigration, 257, 270-294 rate of interest, 325-326, 339-340 taxes, 325 Federal expenditures. See Public spending Federal policy on immigration. Read the entire page →
From page 421... ... INDEX modeling, 82, 83, 85-87, 94 n.20, 329 n.23 and population change, 2, 34, 94, 95, 97, 111, 134 racial/ethnic distribution, 85-87, 114, 115, 119, 121, 365 Finland, 62, 63, 64, 66 Fiscal accounting model implementation, 263-270, 285 n.39 net annual fiscal impact, 257-260, 261, 270 nonresident revenues and spending, 260, 262-263, 269-270 population and population change, 263 privateness parameter, 265-266 public service utilization, 258-259, 262 revenue and revenue changes, 259, 260-263, 266-269 social rate of discount, 256 spending and spending changes, 264266 unit of analysis, 255-256 Fiscal impacts. See also Net annual fiscal impact; Net present values; Public assistance, benefits, and services; Public revenues; Public spending; Social Security; Taxes age-related, 11, 54, 55, 106, 108, 110, 272, 290-291, 293, 307 n.5, 308314, 318-319, 323-332, 334-336, 358-361 aggregate cross-sectional, 316-323 average, 331, 333-337 baseline scenario, 324, 325-331, 337 benefit expenditures, 8, 299-301, 307, 308-314, 338 budget assumptions and, 324, 325, 337-338 calculations, 303; See also Dynamic incidence calculation case studies, 18-19, 320-323; See also California; New Jersey characteristics of immigrants and, 303305, 306-308 competing, 16 data sources, 306, 362 421 debt/GDP ratio and, 299-300, 325, 337-338 deficit and, 299-300, 302-303 discount rates, 298, 301 on earnings, 307 education costs, 326 educational attainment and, 11-12, 307, 353 of emigration, 40 n.l7, 326 estimation, See Fiscal accounting model exclusion of nonresident children and, 316-318 federal policy and, 254-255 of fertility rates, 304 generational perspectives, 215, 289, 294, 316-323 geographic distribution of immigrants and, 59, 255, 305 household characteristics and, 271-273, 275, 277, 292-293 illegal immigrants, 254, 306 importance, 254-255 incremental immigrants, 331-336 independent of characteristics of immigrants, 302-305 interest rates and, 337, 339-340 internal migration and, 305 labor impacts and, 255, 258 n.5, 305 on native-born population, 8, 318-320 new immigrants, 10, 257-270, 289 292, 293-294, 301-302, 304-305 of population changes, 98, 289-292 by regional origin of immigrant, 271 273, 275-277, 280-283, 287-288, 290-291, 293 revenue/spending adjustments scenario, 338 scope of study, 18 size of government and, 46-48 state and local, 12, 305, 336-337, 341 343; See also specific states studies of, 8, 362 taxes, 8, 299-301, 314-316, 326, 338, 340 time of arrival and, 301-302, 303-304, 307-308, 340 Read the entire page →
From page 422... ... , 24 Geographic distribution of immigrants and fiscal impacts, 59, 304, 305 and labor-market impacts, 6, 59, 61, 220-228 metropolitan concentration, 58-62, 104, 228-230, 304 residential concentrations, 365-367 and wages, 179-180 German immigrants, 23, 28, 36, 395 Germany, 50 n.22, 63, 64-65, 66, 155, 379 Goods and services. See Consumer price impacts; Household services; Price of goods and services Grant, Cary, 385 Great Depression, 26, 31, 32, 35, 68 Great Lakes immigrants, 61 Greek immigrants, 24 Greeley, Andrew, 369 Green cards. Read the entire page →
From page 423... ... See also Latin American and Caribbean immigrants ancestry, 4, 85, 90-92, 119- 122, 181 attitudes toward immigration, 13, 392, 394, 396, 404, 405 defined, 80 educational attainment, 375 English proficiency, 181 exogamy,90-92,115-116,117-118,132 fertility rates, 85-87, 115, 121, 365 fiscal burden of, 323 geographic distribution, 26 immigration trends, 38, 322 integration, 366, 367 n.3 intermarriage rates, 91, 113, 121, 132, 370-371 male, 222 mortality, 88, 131 native, 222 population size and growth, 4, 38, 80, 114-115, 117-118, 121, 123 racial/ethnic attribution, 92 n.l7, 93, 115, 116-118, 122, 123, 133 segregation indices, 367 wages, 181, 222 Hong Kong, 377 Hope, Bob, 385 Hotel industry, 225 Household services, 144, 146, 149, 232, 234, 235 Households, all consumer price impacts by composition of, 232-235 423 defined, 56 n.24, 263, 270-271 education expenditures on, 276, 281 fiscal impacts on, 10, 270, 274, 276, 279, 281 income, 290 modeling, 263; see also Fiscal accounting model renters, 274 spending on public services to, 274, 276, 278 n.32, 280, 281, 283 taxes,274, 276,280,281, 283, 318 Households, immigrant. See also Families; Fiscal accounting model African, 272-273, 277, 280, 290-291 age profiles, 272-273, 290-291, 293, 317 Asian, 271-273, 275, 277, 280, 281, 282, 283, 288, 290-291, 293 California, 9, 10, 273, 277-284, 286, 287-288, 289-292, 293, 320-323 children, 9, 271, 275, 277, 282, 289, 292, 294, 316-318, 319-320 composition, 9, 56, 233-234, 256, 263, 271, 272-273, 275, 277, 280, 282 current immigrants, 282-289 economic status, 9, 272-273, 277, 280, 282, 287, 293 education services to, 9, 273 n.27, 275 277, 278 n.32, 280, 281, 292-293, 321 European/Canadian, 9-10, 271-273, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 287 n.45, 288, 290, 291, 293 fiscal impacts of, 9-10, 270-294, 316 323 fiscal redistribution from native households to, 275, 279-280 Latin American and Caribbean, 9-10, 271-273, 275, 277, 280, 281, 282, 287, 288, 290, 291, 293 male-headed family, 56 modeling, 319 new immigrants, 264, 265, 268, 289 292, 294 New Jersey, 9, 10, 271-277, 282, 284, 290, 291, 293, 320-323 Read the entire page →
From page 424... ... 424 size, 56 n.27, 271, 272-273, 277, 293 spending on public services to, 264-266, 271, 274, 276, 279 nn.34,35, 280, 282, 283, 290, 293 taxes, 266-268, 269-270, 271, 274, 275, 280, 283, 286-287, 290, 322 welfare utilization, 55, 265, 271, 272273, 275, 277, 282, 283 Households, nonimmigrant age profiles, 272-273, 280 characteristics, 272, 273 education services to, 273 n.27, 276, 281 fiscal burden of immigrants on, 9-10, 265-266, 270-294 fiscal redistribution to immigrant households, 275, 279-280 income, 271, 272-273, 288 number in U.S., 288 size, 56 n.27, 271, 272, 273 spending on public services to, 271, 274, 280, 281, 283 taxes, 265-266, 271, 274, 275, 279 nn.34,35, 280, 281, 283 Houston, 61, 223 Humanitarian assistance, 28-29, 38 I Illegal immigrants/immigration, 190 amnesty for, 25, 29, 32 n.l2, 41, 42, 44, 46, 51-52, 379 attitudes about, 390-391, 393 border enforcement against, 51-52, 386 and crime, 30, 387 defined, 21 developed countries, 20, 50 emigration, 39 employer sanctions, 2, 25, 29, 52 entry routes, 26, 52 estimates, 51-52, 88 fiscal impact, 14, 254, 306 geographic distribution, 60-62 legislation and, 2, 25, 26, 29, 30, 50 n.23 modeling and research, 88, 89, 306 INDEX national origin, 26, 51 net, 60 nonimmigrants as, 50, 51 and policy formation, 16 population changes due to, 2, 32, 37, 50-5 1 public assistance and, 25, 263 n.l3 skills, 190, 192, 196, 236 survey participation, 190, 192 telephone verification system, 2, 25 trends, 27, 32, 37 and wages, 7, 236 Illegal Immigration Act of 1996, 25, 29 Illinois, 59, 61, 179-180, 211-217, 228230, 391 Imhoff, Gary, 386 Immigration defined, 21 modeling, 82, 88-89, 95, 97 Immigration Act of 1891, 23, 24 Immigration Act of 1924, 24, 68 Immigration Act of 1990, 15, 25, 28, 29, 38 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) admissions data, 22, 31, 32 n.l2, 379 n.ll, 387 n.l8 definition of immigrant, 21 n.1 demographic data, 192 economic data, 192 enforcement by, 387 history, 23 illegal immigration data, 89, 393 Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986, 44 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 24 1965 amendments, 2, 24, 27-28, 36, 68, 182 1976 amendments, 25 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) Read the entire page →
From page 425... ... INDEX and attitudes toward immigration, 390, 403-404 averages, 193 and expenditures attributable to immigrant labor, 234-235 family, 174 n.1 and fiscal impacts, 256, 300-301 free trade and, 147 generational assimilation and, 158-160, 164-165 household, 272-273 labor-market structure and, 137, 142, 147, 151, 156-157, 160, 164-165 measures of, 192 by nativity, 194 rate of immigration and, 137-138, 164 technology transfer and, 161 temporal trends, 268 n.21 India, 62-63, 175, 176, 186, 187, 189, 377 Indian immigrants, 26 n.6, 45, 194, 196 Industrial Revolution, 154-155 Institutional effects of immigration, 382 386 Interethnic relations, 389-390, 394-395 Intermarriage. See also Exogamy ancestry and, 91, 132 attitudes about, 369-371 data sources, 91 and identity, 369-372 by nativity, 132 race/ethnicity and, 4, 12- 13, 91 -92, 113, 115-116, 119, 121, 123, 132, 369-372, 396 rates, 370-371 International comparisons of citizenship requirements, 379-380, 381 of immigration, 62-65 of wages, 174-177 International trade, 5, 143, 146-149 Intracompany transferees, 49, 66 Investors, admissions, 29, 42, 43, 45, 49, 72 n.33 Ireland, 155 Irish immigrants 23, 28, 29, 36, 46, 119, 369, 395 Israel, 62, 63, 65, 66 425 Italian immigrants, 24, 28, 395 Italy, 63, 66, 386 J Japan, 62, 63, 65, 66, 175, 176 Japanese Exclusion Act of 1924, 24 Japanese immigrants, 23-24, 186, 187, 189, 367 n.3, 369 Job opportunities, 7, 138, 210, 221 K Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 383, 385 Kennedy, John F., 27 Korean immigrants, 374, 393 Kuwait, 62, 63, 66 L Labor, highly skilled, 138, 150, 162, 164, 194, 196, 209-210, 211-212 Labor, skilled admissions, 42, 43 complementarily of immigrants and natives, 137-141, 151, 152, 157, 163-164 gender profiles, 186, 209-210, 212215, 222 migration profiles, 174 wages, 137-141, 143, 159-160, 201, 223 waiting lists, 45 Labor, unskilled admissions, 42, 43 gender profiles, 209-210, 212-215, 222 migration profiles, 174 needed, 42, 43 numerical limits, 42 occupations, 209-210, 212-215 substitution of immigrants for natives, 137-141, 142, 145-146, 151, 157, 163-164, 219, 227 wages, 137, 141, 143, 159-160, 201202, 223 waiting lists, 45 Read the entire page →
From page 426... ... See also Hispanics, U.S. educational attainment, 186-187, 189 English proficiency, 376 fertility, 277, 282, 365 fiscal burden, 9-10, 275, 277, 282, 287, 288, 291, 293 gender profiles, 186, 187, 189, 191 household composition, 271-273, 275, 277 migrant workers, 27 public assistance to, 275, 277, 282 volume of immigrants, 32, 36, 37, 177 wages, 186, 187, 189, 191 Legislation. Read the entire page →
From page 427... ... See also Gender profiles heads of households, 56 Malthus, Thomas, 154 Marital status, 56, 57 Marriage fraud, 44 Maryland, 61 Medicaid, 55, 273, 280, 308 n.9, 309-310, 320, 323-324, 330, 339, 352 Medi-Cal health insurance, 278, 282 n.37 Medicare, 10, 11, 255, 280, 283, 304, 308 n.9, 309-310, 319,320, 323-324, 330 Men. See Gender profiles; Males Mexican immigrants agricultural workers, 27, 225 deportation, 26 educational attainment, 186, 187, 189, 375 emigration from U.S., 39 gender profiles, 162, 176-179, 186, 187, 189, 191 geographic segregation, 368-369 illegal, 16,26,37,39,50,51 integration, 367 naturalization, 382 number of, 28, 31 n.ll, 36, 37 occupational earnings, 194, 196 wages, 137-141, 143, 157, 174, 176, 179, 181, 186, 187, 189, 191, 193, 197-198, 201-203, 224-225, 227, 235-236, 249 waiting lists, 45 Mexico, 65, 155, 162, 174, 175, 176, 386 427 Miami, 61, 223, 373, 393 Migrant workers, 27, 29, 52 Migration and economic growth, 154- 155 internal, 6, 61-62, 228-230, 305, 365 international, 84 native, 228-230 net, 21, 78, 83 rich nations to poor nations, 155 n.20, 162 secondary, 365 Miles, Jack, 393 Ministers and religious workers, 43 Models/modeling. Read the entire page →
From page 428... ... See Citizenship and naturalization Nebraska, 61 Net annual fiscal impact (NAFI) California, 277-282, 320-323 comparability of cross-sectional results with, 320-323 current immigrants, 282-289 defined, 289 federal budgets, 280, 282, 317 modeling, 257-260, 261, 262 on native households, 284, 292 new immigrants, 270, 289-292, 293294 New Jersey, 271-277, 320-323 per capita, 317 state and local budgets, 271-280, 281, 317 Net immigration and age structure, 102-110 defined, 77 n.1 emigration and, 39 and geographic distribution, 59 n.28 illegal, 60 international comparisons, 65, 66 modeling, 83, 88-89 population impacts, 3, 4, 33 n.l4, 34, 39, 40, 77 n.l, 95, 96, 97-98, 102106, 108-122 and racial/ethnic composition, 4, 114122 INDEX Net migration, 21, 78, 83, 127, 228 n.40 Net present value (NPV) Read the entire page →
From page 429... ... , 307, 308 n.9, 309, 320, 326, 337, 347; see also Social Security 429 p Panama, 64, 386 Panama Canal Company, 64 Panama Canal Treaty, 64 Parents, 41, 44, 195 Park, Robert, 372 Parolees, 42 Patent system, 161 n.33 Peck, Gregory, 385 Pennsylvania immigrants, 59 Pensions, 76, 105, 110, 326 n.20 Permanent residents children of, 41 visas, See Visas, permanent resident Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) , 2, 10, 30, 254, 264 n.l5, 326, 337, 338-339, 351, 354 Personal services (nonhousehold) Read the entire page →
From page 430... ... See also Consumer price impacts labor-market structure and, 4, 135-136, 143, 144, 164, 215, 230-235 Priority workers, 42, 45 Professionals, 42, 43, 45-46 Property rights, 161 n.33 Public assistance, benefits, and services. See also specific program; Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act age profiles of recipients, 308-316 fiscal impacts, 255, 256, 257-259, 262, 309-316 generational perspectives on, 297, 309 314, 319-320 household utilization, 55, 265, 272 273, 275, 276-277, 278, 282, 283 legislation, 2, 30, 326, 338-339 new immigrants, 10, 255, 264 payment for, 264 public opinion, 26 spending on benefits, 272-273, 319 utilization modeling, 258-259, 262, 264 n.l7 Public goods and pure public goods, 256 257, 265, 285, 302, 334-335 n.25 INDEX Public revenues. Read the entire page →
From page 431... ... See also specific counny Scandinavian immigrants, 23, 36 School-age population, 77, 94, 103-104 School enrollments, 3, 77, 103-104, 122 Science and arts, contributions to 383-386 Sciences, contributions of immigrants to, 383-385 Scope of study, 1, 17-19 Seasonal agricultural workers, 27, 29, 52 Self-employment, 162-163, 182 n.8 Service industries immigrant labor-cost shares, 232 occupations of immigrants, 212-215 workforce, 149 Siblings of immigrants, 42, 43, 45 Silicon Valley, 150 Skills of immigrants. See also Educational attainment; Labor, highly skilled; Labor, skilled; Labor, unskilled and economic assimilation, 181 - 182 and fiscal burden, 335-336 national origin and, 7, 185-190, 235236 policy on immigration and, 2, 194, 196, 218 trends, 181-185 and wage disparities, 7, 137- 141, 143, 157, 179, 181, 193, 197-198, 201202, 224-225, 227, 235-236 Smith, Adam, 154 Social dimensions of immigration. Read the entire page →
From page 432... ... 40, 314 disability insurance, 278-279, 283 and earnings, 306 and educational attainment, 349-352 exclusions, 285 n.38 generational perspective, 314-316, 319-320, 349-352 immigrant contributions, 256, 276, 280, 281, 283, 314-316, 326, 339, 340 income and payroll, 256, 267, 274, 276, 278, 283, 314 licenses and fees, 267, 278 modeling, 259, 260-263 native burden, 255, 260-263, 265-266, 279 n.35, 281, 283 net annual fiscal impact, 261 net present value, 326-332, 347-348 new immigrant impact, 256, 260, 261, 262, 265, 268, 340, 349 per capita net, 320 projections, 10-11, 256, 297-301 property and utility, 9, 256, 267-268, 274,276,278,279,281,314 sales and excise, 256, 267, 276, 278, 281, 314 shifting burden of, 266-267 state and local, 314 time since arrival and, 307 tourists and tourism, 279 Read the entire page →
From page 433... ... See also Employment-based admission preferences; Family-sponsored admission preferences admissions, 42, 43, 209 allocations, 41-43 conditional, 44 and data collection, 192 lotteries, 46 unused, 41 waiting list, 45 Voting, 30, 78, 226, 273, 372-373 W Wages. See also Earnings; Income age profiles, 197-204, 241-250 by country, 187-190, 196, 249-250 cross-sectional data, 197-198 discrimination, 179, 181 disparities, by nativity, 176-179, 182185, 197-202, 241-248 dispersion, 174 early arrivals, 177-178 educational attainment and, 7, 17, 151, 179, 181, 182-190, 227-228, 235, 241-248 elasticity of, 221-222 emigration and, 204-205 factor price equalization, 174 n.3 flows of immigrants and, 227-230 gender differences, 17, 176-178, 181, 183-191, 198-204, 241-250 generational assimilation and, 158-160 geographic distribution of immigrants and, 179-180, 221-222, 225-228 growth/convergence rate, 197-205, 241-250 hourly, 176-178, 179, 180 illegal immigrants and, 7, 236 international comparisons, 174- 177 local markets, 221-225 migrant workers, 27 national origin and, 7, 174, 176-178, 186-191, 202-204, 235-236, 249250 Read the entire page →
From page 434... ... See Labor Workforce, immigrant in agriculture, 149 in service industries, 149 size of, 77, 105, 110, 122 in traded-goods sector, 148-149 Working-age population, 77, 105, 110 World War I, 25, 31, 35 World War II, 26, 27, 29 n.9, 31-32, 35, 68, 76 Wyoming, 61 y Young adults, 54, 55, 104-105 Youth dependency ratio, 107-108 Yugoslavia, 386 Read the entire page →

From page 413...

... See also Black immigrants; Blacks; specific country attitudes toward immigration, 13, 392, 394 413 employment impacts on, 6, 220, 222224 social and spatial mobility, 366 African immigrants. See also specific country citizenship, 382 educational attainment, 188, 190 fiscal impact, 277, 280-282, 290-291 gender profiles, 190 household characteristics, 272-273, 290-291 lotteries, 46 volume, 177 wages, 176-178, 188, 190 Age profiles.

Index Pages 413-434

Index
Pages 413-434