Striking a Balance Improving Stewardship of Marine Areas (1997) / Chapter Skim
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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Pages 8-16
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From page 8... ...
At the same time, demands on the coastal marine environment are intensifying through the continued migration of people to the coasts, the growing importance of the coasts and ocean for aesthetic enjoyment, and increasing pressures to develop ocean resources and space for economic benefits (e.g., commercial fisheries, transportation, marine aquaculture, marine energy, and mineral resources)
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Significant societal and economic costs are incurred through these adversarial processes (Outer Continental Shelf Policy Committee, 1993~. Previous Marine Board studies of issues associated with the nation's ocean space and resources (NRC, 1989, 1990a, 1991, 1992a; Marine Board, 1993)
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The general basis for this approach is articulated in a report by the President' s Council on Sustainable Development (President's Council on Sustainable Development, 1996) , in which a national commitment is made to "a life-sustaining Earth....A sustainable United States will have a growing economy...and...will protect its environment, its natural resource base, and the functions and viability of natural systems on which all life depends." CHALLENGE OF MANAGING MARINE AREAS Marine areas extending from the coastline of the United States to 200 miles offshore are immensely valuable resources to the people of the United States.
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Sustaining the ecological health and economic productivity of this vast underwater commons requires careful, informed, effective, and decisive management. Unfortunately, management practices have not kept pace with growing pressures on the marine environment.
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The historic, and ongoing, decline of productive natural systems like the Chesapeake, San Francisco, and Florida bays is further evidence of the need to change our approach to marine area management (Fogerty et al., 1991; Hedgepeth, 1993~. Global climate changes, continuing population growth, advances in mechanical, electronic, and biological technology, the expansion of international trade, and incursions of nonindigenous species all suggest a need for more effective management of marine areas (NRC, 1995c)
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Department of Commerce. of the United States, including coastal resources such as bays and estuaries, without regard to current determinations of jurisdictional authority between the states and the federal government.
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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is responsible for the marine sanctuary program; for fisheries management; and for providing states with a national framework for coastal management, including funding grants for ocean management planning.
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Strict adherence to political or jurisdictional boundaries can hamper effective governance where events, issues, and natural processes cross jurisdictional boundaries. The ecological region should include the adjacent terrestrial systems, as necessary to ensure effective resource management and governance.
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Authorities and structures for governance and management need to be clearly defined so that it is clear who is responsible for particular tasks and who must change policies or actions for the adaptive management process to be effective. Underlying all of these criteria is the notion expressed in the report of the President's Council on Sustainable Development that "...in order to meet the needs of the present while ensuring that future generations have the same opportunities, the United States must change by moving from conflict to collaboration and adopting stewardship and individual responsibility as tenets by which to live" (President's Council on Sustainable Development, 1996~.
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