Double-Hull Tanker Legislation An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (1998) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 10-17
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From page 10... ...
additional operational and structural measures for singlehull tank vessels.2 iSingle-hull vessels unloading oil at deepwater ports or off-loading in lightering zones may operate through 2015. Vessels with a double bottom or double sides may be permitted to trade to the United States until 2015, depending on their age.
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International Convention for the Prevention of Oil Pollution First Law of the Sea Conference Second Law of the Sea Conference TORREY CANYON spill IMO MARPOL 73 IMO MARPOL 73/78 AMOCO CADIZ spill EXXON VALDEZ spill Oil Pollution Act FIGURE 1-1 History of marine oil transportation and related legislation. Source: Noble, 1993.
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From page 12... ...
The remainder of supply came from imports, most of which were waterborne, although some were supplied overland, primarily by pipeline from Canada. In 1994, Canada provided the United States with about 1.3 MBD of oil imports.
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The United States presently accounts for about 30 percent of the total world waterborne oil movements. Thus, unilateral action by the United States in the area of tanker regulations can have profound effects internationally.
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Gulf coast traffic, which is greater than that of the other two coasts combined, accounts for 60 percent of all oil imported into the United States. Because larger tankers when fully loaded cannot enter the shallow waters of ports in the Gulf of Mexico to discharge their cargo, a two-phase system has developed to take advantage of the reduced carrying costs of the larger tankers.
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From page 15... ...
This effort ultimately resulted in MARPOL 73, which promulgated the concept of segregated ballast to prevent operational discharges of oil residues in ballast water carried in cargo tanks. The 1978 Protocol modified the concept by requiring that for all new tank vessels of more than 20,000 DWT, segregated ballast tanks be located in a defensive way to reduce the chances that oil would be spilled in the event of grounding or collision.
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From page 16... ...
The percentage of doublehull tankers is expected to grow rapidly over the next few years as new doublehull vessels replace aging single-hull tankers constructed during the building boom of the mid-1970s. 3The committee has used the term "pre-MARPOL tanker" to describe vessels that carry ballast in cargo tanks and do not, for the most part, have segregated ballast tanks.
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From page 17... ...
1973-1994. Waterborne Commerce of the United States.
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