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2 Ship Safety and Protection of the Marine Environment
Pages 18-41

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From page 18...
... To carry out this task, the committee analyzed historical data on oil spills from vessels to determine (1) the effect of Section 4115 in reducing oil spills in U.S.
From page 19...
... of Spills - 600 - 500 - 400 i= U) - 300 ° z 100 - O FIGURE 2-1 Number of oil spills and volume of spillage in U.S.
From page 20...
... Thus, the committee was unable to establish whether or not there is a correlation between vessel age and oil pollution. Such an analysis could have provided some indication of any changes in the risk of oil spills that might be anticipated as a result of the early retirement of tank vessels.
From page 21...
... possible effects of international regulations and other government and industry initiatives are addressed below. Despite the reduction in oil spilled over the past five years, the committee would caution against complacency.
From page 22...
... : a' cq cq a' o a' bC ¢ a' o · - ~ 3 Cq a' Cq Cq a' s~ ,~o.
From page 23...
... A USCG final rule mandating operational measures to reduce oil spills from existing tank vessels without double hulls took effect on November 27, 1996 (Federal Register, 1996~.3 2The relative operational and environmental risks associated with direct tanker deliveries of waterborne crude oil, offshore lightering and discharging at deepwater ports were assessed in a USCG study (1993)
From page 24...
... Future oil spill statistics will depend on many factors, including the extent of cargo tank subdivision incorporated into designs of double-hull tankers and tank barges. However, the relative numbers obtained from the analysis imply that the double-hull mandate, when fully implemented, will have a significant and positive effect on reducing the risk and the severity of oil spills.
From page 25...
... Marine Pollution Prevention Prior to OPA 90 The International Maritime Organization, an agency of the United Nations, regulates international shipping through the adoption of international conventions by its members. Conventions that regulate ship design for safety and pollution prevention include the 1996 International Convention on Load Lines (ICLL)
From page 26...
... MARPOL 13F specifies that other designs may be accepted as alternatives to double hulls, provided they give at least the same level of protection against the release of oil in the event of collision or grounding and are approved, in principle, by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee. IMO design guidelines employ a probabilistic outflow methodology for calculating oil outflow and a pollution prevention index to assess the equivalency of alternative designs (see Chapter 6~.
From page 27...
... Existing Vessel Requirements MARPOL 13G, which pertains to single-hull vessels, applies to crude oil tankers of 20,000 DWT or more, and to oil product carriers of 30,000 DWT or more. The regulation specifies a schedule for retrofitting (with double hulls or equivalent hull designs or operational measures)
From page 28...
... This same provision is included in the November 1996 USCG rule on operational measures (Federal Register, 1996~. The fact that the United States has reserved its position on the aforementioned provisions of 13G will have little effect on most vessels calling at U.S.
From page 29...
... MARPOL 13G allows existing vessels to trade for a longer period than that allowed under Section 4115 if they are of acceptable design. Figure 2-5 shows that Section 4115 is more restrictive in controlling vessels in the international fleet able to serve the United States.
From page 30...
... The projection includes vessels in the international fleet trading to the United States and vessels in the domestic (Jones Act) fleet involved in coastal trade.
From page 31...
... bridge-watch resources in Chapter VIII, Part 3-1 accordance with bridge resource management principles Written guidance to masters setting forth company policies and procedures to be followed to ensure all newly employed crew members are given a reasonable opportunity to become familiar with proper performance of their duties; on-thejob watch training for watchstanding personnel who assist the officer in charge of navigational watch Dry-dock survey includes gauging report, visual inspection, and structure analysis; barge companies and smaller tankers allowed to have an alternative survey program with outside oversight or auditing Survey of mooring and cargo systems done by senior personnel Automatic alarm on autopilot required on tank ships; indicator on tugs Consistent with STCW Code Section A, Chapter I, Part 14 Incorporates IMO Resolution A.744(1E) by reference; IMO standard applies to > 20,000 DWT crude carriers and > 30,000 DWT product tankers; consistent with MARPOL 13G Incorporates International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT)
From page 32...
... Alternatives to PL/SBT None including HBL Existing tank ships must calculate and post maneuvering performance Provide pilot cards and a wheelhouse poster Plan, calculate, and log vessel's anticipated underkeel clearance prior to entering or departing port; liability cap is waived if done improperly Secondary steering system on primary towing vessels Primary towing vessels and any assisting towing vessels must have enough rendering to prevent metal to metal contact between tug and barge Incorporates IMO Resolution A.751(18) by reference; IMO resolution recommends that new vessels 100 meters or more in length meet performance standards; OPA 90 applies only to tank vessels > 5,000 GT Incorporates IMO Resolution A.601(15)
From page 33...
... Actions by Port States Historically, port states (nations that have vessels calling at their ports) have not exercised substantial control over vessels that use their ports.
From page 34...
... 34 Cq a' a' a' ¢ o a' VO o o .0 be a' o Cq a' a' o I' Cal ¢ Em ~ ~ a ~ o ~ , ~ O v ¢ ¢ m ~ ~ ¢ z En R ~ ~ ~ .
From page 35...
... 35 o · - ~ct o o ~D Ct ._ ~Ct O ~O C)
From page 36...
... In most of the other areas discussed below, the committee encountered similar data problems when attempting to draw comparisons between pro- and post-OPA 90 periods. The committee identified several unilateral efforts by foreign countries to improve ship safety and decrease the potential for oil pollution.
From page 37...
... , Bureau Veritas, China Classification Society, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) , Germanischer Lloyd, Korean Register of Shipping, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai, Polski Rejestr Statkow, Registro Italiano Navale, and Maritime Register of Shipping (Russia)
From page 39...
... of more than 400,000 DWT, consisting of 25 ships used almost entirely in trade to the United States, has 20 ships that have gone through CAP with a Grade 1 rating. VESSEL QUALITY Despite the significant number of new or enhanced programs now in place that are intended to reduce the number of substandard vessels in use (thereby reducing oil pollution and increasing safety)
From page 40...
... However, some anecdotal information suggests that there has been an improvement in the quality of the fleet calling on U.S. ports because of an increased awareness of liability obligations and the cost of pollution liability insurance, enhanced planning and training for oil spills, improved audit and inspection programs by charterers and terminal operators, policies and procedures adopted by fleet or vessel operators, and increased rules imposed by port states (such as the U.S.
From page 41...
... 1997b. Operational Measures to Reduce Oil Spills from Existing Tank Vessels Without Double Hulls.


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