Enabling America Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering (1997) / Chapter Skim
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9 EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN REHABILITATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
9 EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN REHABILITATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Pages 217-243
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From page 217... ...
* As defined in Chapter 1, the committee uses the term rehabilitation science and engineering to emphasize the importance of both science and engineering in advancing rehabilitation efforts and addressing the needs of people with disabling conditions.
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From page 218... ...
Rehabilitation-Related Research in Existing Disciplines The committee found that the existing health professional disciplines generate and use rehabilitation-related knowledge as the basis for preparing practitioners and delivering services. Many health professional disciplines participate in generating knowledge relevant to rehabilitation and the prevention of disability in the presence of disabling conditions.
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From page 219... ...
Physical therapy emphasizes preservation and recovery of joint and muscle function for performing tasks related to independent living. Occupational therapy emphasizes a client-centered approach to help individuals gain skills and modify environments so that individuals with disabling conditions can perform the tasks and activities of self-maintenance and work.
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From page 220... ...
Some consumers want to be cured. Society in general expresses a concern for the use of cost-effective strategies including prevention and reversal of functional limitations of people with disabling conditions.
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From page 221... ...
Research and core knowledge of this scope and balance are unlikely to emanate from the separate health, basic science, and engineering disciplines now conducting rehabilitation-related research without a mechanism to view each discipline's contribution within the context of an organizing situation, such as that offered by a field of study. As mentioned above, a wide range of health care professionals is necessary to address the needs of people with disabling conditions and to prevent primary and secondary disabling conditions.
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From page 222... ...
Rehabilitation science and engineering is and should continue to be a part of the research in each of the contributing scientific, professional, and engineering disciplines. The existence of separate health professional and engineering disciplines represents an opportunity to generate and integrate knowledge for practice and to prepare the appropriate mix and numbers of health care team members knowledgeable in rehabilitation science and engineering for the emerging managed health care system.
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From page 223... ...
Prescriptive theories are thus the scientific basis for the clinical therapeutic interventions used by health care professionals. Academic disciplines have educators and research scholars, whereas professional disciplines alone additionally have practitioners who use the knowledge to provide service and to influence the use of societal resources and implementation of policies addressing professional issues (Donaldson and Crowley, 1978~.
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From page 224... ...
The knowledge generated from the science should provide information to guide service delivery, support policy development, and propose strategies that will improve the lives of people with disabling conditions and their families. Developing Paradigms in Rehabilitation Science and Engineering As an emerging field of study, rehabilitation science and engineering operates under few accepted paradigms.
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From page 225... ...
Is it practical to think that some aspects of rehabilitation can become a mature science? The process requires placing stronger emphasis on empirical knowledge through experimentation, case studies, and information gathering to learn how to best address the problems faced by people with disabling conditions.
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The target audiences are health and rehabilitation providers and people with disabling conditions. The educational and training activities carried out through these programs vary widely with respect to field, scope, content, audience,
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From page 227... ...
Research Training Grants The purpose of the NIDRR research training grants is to expand the capability in the field of rehabilitation research by supporting projects that provide advanced training in rehabilitation research. These projects provide research training and experience at an advanced level to individuals with doctoral or similar advanced degrees who have clinical or other relevant experience, including experience in the management of basic science research in fields pertinent to rehabilitation, to qualify those individuals to conduct independent research on problems related to disability and rehabilitation.
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From page 228... ...
A primary goal of the center is to bring the health-related problems of people with disabling conditions to the attention of the best scientists in the United States to capitalize on the advances occurring in the biological, behavioral, and engineering sciences. The research initiatives and opportunities recommended in the Research Plan for the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research are discussed in terms of seven cross-cutting areas in which increased research effort is needed.
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From page 229... ...
The FIRST Award is not renewable, however, proposals to continue research originally supported by a FIRST award can be submitted as RO1 Research Project Applications. Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award The goal of the Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award is to support the development of outstanding clinician-research scientists by providing specialized study for clinically trained professionals committed to a career in research.
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From page 230... ...
Support is provided throughout the continuum from high school to faculty level at grantee institutions. Research Supplements to Promote the Recruitment of Individuals with Disabilities into Biomedical Research Careers Research Supplements to Promote the Recruitment of Individuals with Disabilities into Biomedical Research Careers provide funds for ongoing research projects to support and enhance the research capabilities in biomedical research of individuals with disabling conditions.
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Experimental Projects for People with Disabling Conditions Experimental projects for people with disabling conditions provide support for the development and demonstration of exemplary strategies for the recruitment, education, and retention of students with disabling conditions in science, engineering, and mathematics. Model Projects for People with Disabling Conditions Model projects for people with disabling conditions are designed to promote the development and dissemination of innovative intervention strategies to reduce the barriers that inhibit the interest, retention, and
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From page 232... ...
to reduce the incidence and severity of primary and secondary disabling conditions and (2) to promote the independence and productivity of people with disabling conditions and to further their integration into the community.
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From page 233... ...
The VA rehabilitation research and development program integrates the multiple disciplines of science, engineering, and medicine to investigate and develop concepts, processes, and products that directly meet the special needs of veterans with disabling conditions. Scientific investigation is carried out in areas of physical orientation, mobility, and manual skills enhancement, spinal cord injury; prosthetics, amputation management, and orthotics, communication; cognition; auditory and visual sensory aids; vocational placement; and recreational opportunity.
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From page 234... ...
, including the various training and career development programs associated with these research programs. In a review draft released tune 26, 1996, RRAC recommended that the Rehabilitation Research Service and Development Service consider a career development program similar in structure and funding to those in the Medical Research Service and Health Services Research and Development Service Career Development Programs.
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From page 235... ...
In addition to traditional treatment modes, specialists in rehabilitation medicine may use therapeutic exercise, prosthetics, orthotics, and mechanical and electrical devices. Physiatrists are certified by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation through the administration of written and oral examinations that assess candidate performance in basic sciences and clinical aspects of rehabilitation practice.
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From page 236... ...
The goals of the CRRN program are to promote expertise in rehabilitation nursing, provide a standard for recognizing qualifications, and validate specialized knowledge to enhance the care of people affected by disabling conditions and chronic illness. Registered nurses with a minimum of 2 years of work experience as a registered profes
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From page 237... ...
The purpose of CORE accreditation of rehabilitation counselor education programs is to promote the effective delivery of rehabilitation services to individuals with disabling conditions by promoting and fostering continuing review and improvement of master's degree-level rehabilitation counselor education programs. Another goal is to meet the personnel needs of both public and private rehabilitation agencies by providing graduates who have the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to provide rehabilitation counselor services to individuals with physical, mental, or emotional needs.
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From page 238... ...
As of October 1996, the United States had 155 accredited physical therapy programs (48 at the bachelor's level, 102 at the master's level, 2 at the doctor of physical therapy level, and 195 accredited physical therapy assistant programs. The Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education of APTA determines the accreditation status of education programs for the physical therapist and physical therapist assistant.
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From page 239... ...
Occupational Therapy Occupational therapy uses selected tasks and activities to restore, reinforce, and enhance performance in people with disabling conditions by facilitating learning of those skills and functions essential to help an individual adapt and achieve the capacity to perform with satisfaction to self and others those tasks and roles essential to productive living and to the mastery of self and the environment. Occupational therapy serves a diverse population in a variety of settings such as hospitals and clinics, rehabilitation facilities, long-term care facilities, extended care facilities, industry sheltered workshops, schools and camps, private homes, and community agencies.
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: 47 percent in nonresidential health care facilities such as physician or audiologist offices, 23 percent in hospitals, and 4 percent in residential health care facilities. The majority of speech-language pathologists (82 percent)
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The emergence of rehabilitation science and engineering education at this level seems quite consistent with the conclusions reached by the committee. Such programs have been initiated because health professionals are now required to have an expanded set of skills and to work in interdisciplinary teams.
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A rehabilitation science program is needed to guide rehabilitation practice and shape policies that will improve services and access for individuals with disabling conditions. Programs in disability and rehabilitation provide students with advanced knowledge of the physiological, psychological, cognitive, social, and technological mechanisms that are related to and support the performance of individuals in everyday activities such as self-maintenance, school, work, leisure, and interaction with others.
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From page 243... ...
· develop new and improved mechanisms for enhancing multiperspective transdisciplinary rehabilitation-related research representing the separate perspectives of the health professional and · ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ engineering a~sc~pl~nes. coordinate with and develop joint efforts with programs that support training and research in the separate health professional, engineering, and preclinical science disciplines, in order to facilitate the integration and translation of rehabilitation science and engineering knowledge into the full spectrum of issues related to the health and well-being of people with disabilities,from individual clinical care to health delivery systems to social policy refonn.
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