Humanities Doctorates in the United States 1995 Profile (1997) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
Pages 61-72
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From page 61... ...
The range in sampling rates serves to increase the variance of the survey estimates. Data Collection Data collection was conducted through a self-administered mail survey.
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From page 62... ...
In the first stage, unadjusted weights are calculated as the inverse of the probability of selection, taking into account all stages of the sampling selection process. In the second stage, these weights are adjusted to compensate for nonresponse; such nonresponse adjustments are typically carried out separately within multiple weighting cells.
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From page 63... ...
Nonsampling Error Nonsampling errors in surveys can arise at many points in the survey process, and they take different forms: · Coverage errors can occur when some members of the target population are not identified and therefore do not have a chance to be selected for the sample. · Response errors can occur either when the wrong individual completes the survey or when the correct individual cannot accurately recall the events being questioned.
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From page 64... ...
Standard errors are used In conjunction with a survey estimate to constrict confidence intervals- bounds set around the surrey estimate in which, with some prescribed probability, the average estimate from ah possible samples would lie. For example, approximately 95 percent of the intervals from 1.96 standard errors below the estimate to 1.96 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of ah possible samples.5 With a single survey estimate, the 95- percent confidence limit implies that if the same sample design were used over and over again, with confidence intervals determined each time from each sample, 95 percent of the time the confidence interval would enclose the true population value.
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From page 65... ...
The use of these tables is described below, together with an alternative method for approximating the standard errors more directly. Standard Errors of Estimated Totals Tables A-3 and A-4 show approximate standard errors for the humanities doctoral population overall, for held groupings used in the report (e.g., history and philosophy)
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From page 66... ...
to be 0.3. Alternatively, using the appropriate value of b from Table~~-2 and Formula 2, the standard error of p may be determined as follows: c' = 5.8 /22.0334( ~ P ~5,800 99,100J = 0.35 To develop a 95 percent confidence interval around this estimate of 5.8 percent, one would add and subtract from the estimate the standard error multiplied by 1.96.
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From page 67... ...
. Although this method provides good approximation of standard errors associated with most survey results, it may overstate the error associated with estimates drawn from strata with high sampling fractions.
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From page 68... ...
multiplied by their basic weights divided by the survey sample multiplied by their basic weights. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Humanities Doctorates.
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From page 71... ...
TABLE A-5 Approximate Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages of Humanities Doctorates, 1995 Base Number Estimated Percentages of Percent1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 15 or 85 25 or 75 50 506.6 9.3 14.5 19.9 23.7 28.7 33.2 1004.7 6.6 10.2 14.1 16.8 20.3 23.5 2003.3 4.6 7.2 10.0 11.9 14.4 16.6 5002.1 2.9 4.6 6.3 7.5 9.1 10.5 7001.8 2.5 3.9 5.3 6.3 7.7 8.9 1,0001.5 2.1 3.2 4.5 5.3 6.4 7.4 2,5000.9 1.3 2.0 2.8 3.4 4.1 4.7 5,0000.7 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.3 10,0000.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 25,0000.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 50,0000.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 75,0000.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 100,0000.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Humanities Doctorates. TABLE A-6 Approximate Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages of Female Humanities Doctorates, 1995 Base Number Estimated Percentages of Percent 1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 15 or 85 25 or 75 50 50 6.1 8.6 13.4 18.4 21.9 26.5 30.7 100 4.3 6.1 9.4 13.0 15.5 18.8 21.7 200 3.1 4.3 6.7 9.2 10.9 13.3 15.3 500 1.9 2.7 4.2 5.8 6.9 8.4 9.7 700 1.6 2.3 3.6 4.9 5.9 7.1 8.2 1,000 1.4 1.9 3.0 4.1 4.9 5.9 6.9 2,500 0.9 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.1 3.8 4.3 5,000 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.1 10,000 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.2 25,000 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Humanities Doctorates.
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