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Pages 411-426

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From page 411...
... sub-Saharan Africa, 138, 141, 142-147, 149-151, 154, 156-161, 164-166, 174 Africa, 18, 254 child death and birth spacing, 42-72 (passim) community-level analysis, 261 AIDS, 151, 155-156, 161, 166-167 family size, country studies, 25, 143- 144, 261, 263, 264, 265, 299- 300, 322, 323 AIDS, 18, 143-144, 149, 164 see also sub-Saharan Africa; specific countries 411 Age factors AIDS and, 144, 145 child's, 10, 45, 53, 79-80, 87-88, 361, 372-374 Costa Rica, 400 family life cycle, 78-110 hazard model methodology, 303- 310 sub-Saharan Africa, 269-270, 274- 275, 298-300 household models, 150 India, 361, 372-374 Indonesia, 320, 329 insurance behavior and, 79 marital, 9, 20, 107, 108, 144 maternal, 11 Africa, country studies, 145, 270, 279-280, 287, 304, 305 developing countries, cross-national analysis, 41, 42, 45, 51 United States, 228, 229, 230, 241, 242, 244 replacement behavior, 244 social learning, 124 United States, 228, 229, 230, 240-242, 244
From page 412...
... , 301 uncertainty, cultural factors, 127 see also specific countries Attitudes, general, 113, 322 adult mortality, risk perception, 8, 10 11, ll5(n.2) AIDS, Tanzania, 154, 164 family size, 7, 185 individuals' perceptions, bias toward extremes, 122-123 sampling, 125 socioeconomic status and, 113 United States, 8 see also Fatalism; Social learning B Bangladesh, 14, 16, 20 Bayesian learning, 22, 114-121, 126-127, 130-132 Behavioral replacement strategies, see Replacement behavior Belgium, 23, 197, 198
From page 413...
... 229 child death and birth interval, developing countries, 40, 43, 45-47, 52-53, 69 duration, 9-10, 40, 43, 45, 69 Europe, country studies, 184, 190, 215 U.S. data, 228, 229, 231 see also Lactation interruption C Cameroon, 15, 17, 25, 254-255, 262, 263, 265-310 birth spacing, 255, 260, 262-263, 266, 268-271, 277-298 cultural factors, 273, 299 Child death, individual, 3 AIDS, caused by, 142, 157 birth spacing, 26, 39-73, 192, 255, 260, 263, 264, 300, 327-329 coital frequency and, 40, 41, 47, 69 family size and, 323 first born, impacts, 25, 264-265, 298 302, 304, 324-325, 332, 333 334, 373, 377 Indonesia, 324-325, 330-336 persistence of effects, 53, 56 social learning and, 117 sub-Saharan Africa, 13, 254, 276-277, see also Insurance behavior; Replacement behavior Child mortality, general, 1-6, 186, 227 228 Africa, 254-310 AIDS, 138, 141-143, 146, 147-148, 150-151, 154-156, 161, 164-166 cross-national studies, 44-72 (passim)
From page 414...
... sustainable development and, 2-3 United States, historical studies, 7-8, 234, 240-247 see also Child death, individual; Infant mortality; Insurance behavior; Prenatal mortality; Replacement behavior China, lO(n.4) , 19 Cohort data and analyses advantages, 355 India, 340, 343-344, 350, 355-361, 364-370, 373, 376 Coital frequency abstinence, 23 AIDS-related, 142, 144 postpartum, 40, 43, 47, 62-64, 69, 142, 263, 276 child death and birth spacing, 40, 41, 47, 69 Columbia, 14, 16 Community-level analyses Africa, 261 AIDS, 151, 155-156, 161, 166-167 Costa Rica, 389-407 Europe, 187-215 replacement behavior, 101, 102 Condoms, 144, 303 Contraception, 29, 317, 384 Africa, country studies, 18, 25, 142, 144, 145, 255, 261, 262, 263- 264, 303 AIDS and, 142, 144, 145, 303 birth spacing and, 40-41, 47-48, 69, 384 INDEX Costa Rica, 384, 386, 387, 399-400, 401, 405, 406, 407 developing countries, 40-41, 47-48, 69 economic factors, 128, 343 education and, 273 India, 340, 341, 364, 370-377 Indonesia, 318, 327, 335 replacement/insurance behavior and, 9, 243(n.3)
From page 415...
... D Demographic and Health Surveys, 2, 21, 39, 42-43, 260 Demographic factors, general, viii, 1-3, 4- 5, 7, 28 AIDS, 145, 146, 165 Costa Rica, 386-387 developing countries, 25-27 415 Indonesia, 317-319, 321 see also Age factors; Aggregate analyses; Education and training; Employment and occupational status; Ethnicity; Gender factors; Life expectancy; Literacy level; Marriage and marital status; Socioeconomic status; Urban as rural residence Demographic transition theory, classic, 1, 6, 7, 74, 112, 183-184, 227, 254, 255, 316, 339, 385 Europe, 23, 138 social learning and, 128 United States, 229-240 Developing countries, general, 1, 3, 4, 5 6,9, 12,25,28,39-73,384 age,maternal,41,42, 45, 51 aggregate data, focus of, 316 birth spacing, 6, 39-73 contraception and, 40-41, 47-48, 69 breastfeeding, 40, 43, 45, 47, 52-53, 69 cross-national analysis samples, 42-43 demographic factors, general, 25-27 education, national curricula, 129 estimation issues, general, 11 health and family planning programs, 3, 25, 384 lactation interruption, 5-6, 40, 43, 47, 57-58, 69, 72, 275 menstruation, 40, 46-47, 57-62, 65, 68, 69-72, 105-106 parity factors, 25, 317 replacement effects, 5-6, 24 social learning, 112- 130 socioeconomic status, 25, 41, 42, 45 see also specific countries and regions Diffusion effects, see Social learning Diffusion models, 29, 128, 395-396 Diseases and disorders, 185, 190, 385 birth spacing and, 228, 262-263, 276 Costa Rica, 389 school-age morbidity, 10 STDs, other than AIDS, 144 United States, 228, 234, 385 see also AIDS, sub-Saharan Africa Divorce, 9, 193
From page 416...
... , 207 breastfeeding, 184, 190, 215 community-level analysis, 187-215 cross-sectional analysis, 182, 183, 189, 191, 208-215 demographic transition theory, classic, 23, 138
From page 417...
... , 193-215 Latin America, 12-13 mortality and, Africa, 13, 18 Asia, 18-20 Latin America, 12-13 Middle East, 20-21 preferences, 8-9, 133-134 Prussia, 24, 187-195, 202, 206
From page 418...
... 3, 261-262, 405 406 Indonesia, 317, 318, 330, 331, 335 Latin America, 12 sanitation conditions, 192, 193 social learning, 125-126, 129 sustainable development and, 2-3 Historical data and studies, 2, 92, 101- 102, 106 Europe, 186-222, 227 United States, 7-8, 24, 129, 227-253 see also Longitudinal studies; Timeseries analyses Hoarding behavior, see Insurance behavior Household data and models, 340, 386, 400 age factors, 150 AIDS, 139, 145, 148-161, 166, 173- 177 Human capital investment, 2, 10-11, 79, 185, 262 AIDS and family size, 18, 143- 144, 149, 164 see also Insurance behavior; Replacement behavior
From page 419...
... 330, 331, 335 lactation interruption, 321-322, 327 328, 329, 335-336 life expectancy, 318 literacy, 317 multivariate analysis, 330-334 neonatal mortality, 321 parity factors, 323-327, 329-330, 332 334, 335 first born, 324-325, 332, 333-334, 335 postneonatal mortality, 321 replacement behavior, 327-330 samples and sampling, 319-321 socioeconomic status, 317 time-series analysis, 323-330 Infant mortality, 1-2, 27, 227-228, 254 AIDS impacts in Africa, 141-143, 146- 181 breastfeeding, 195 child mortality vs. 186- 187 fertility and, Africa, 25, 39-74 (passim)
From page 420...
... , 20(n.10) , 346 economic models and, 22 Europe, country studies, 197, 204-207 India, 351-353 Indonesia, 317 social learning, 112, 130 Living standard, see Standard of living Longitudinal studies, 24, 92, 184, 190-215 Asia, 18-20 Latin America, 12-13 Middle East, 20-21 sub-Saharan Africa, 13, 150-151 AIDS, 18, 138, 145, 154 United States, 7-8, 24, 227-253 see also Time-series analyses
From page 421...
... INDEX M Macro-analysis, see Aggregate analyses; Longitudinal studies; Timeseries analyses Malaysia, 15, 17, 20, 107, 109 education, 19-20 ethnicity, 20 life expectancy, 20 Malthusian theory, 183, 227 Marriage and marital status, 2, 184, 186 age at marriage, 9, 20, 107, 108, 144 AIDS and, 144 Cameroon, 265-266, 274 Costa Rica, 389, 400, 403 marital fertility, 389, 391-396 divorce, 9, 193 duration of, 240, 241, 242, 262 marital fertility, Costa Rica, 389, 391-396 Europe, 191, 193-215 Latin America, 12-13 remarriage, 9, 184 United States, 240, 241, 242 Massachusetts, 231, 234, 238, 247-249 Mass media, 122, 129, 209 Medical care, see Health programs and services Memory theory, 121 Menstruation, 105-106 birth spacing, 40, 46-47, 57-62, 65, 68, 69-72 see also Lactation interruption Mexico, 12, 14, 16 Micro-level analysis, see Individual-level analyses Middle East, 40-year trends, 20-21 see also specific countries Migration, 183 Europe, country studies, 197, 207 Latin America, 12 sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS, 156 United States, 229, 238, 246 Models and modeling diffusion models, 29, 128, 395-396 421 fixed-effects models, 26, 189, 190, 206, 208, 214-215, 353, 355, 359-361 mortality-fertility, general, 1-2 optimization models, 75-76, 82, 90, 96, 97 sequential decision-making models, 76, 78-110 static, 74, 75-78 target fertility model, 75-76 utility maximization models, 76-78, 80-88, 90, 108, 114-115 see also Economic factors and models; Hazard models; Household data and models; Life-cycle models Mortality, general AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, 22-23, 141-142, 145-147, 151-154 child health programs and, 2-3 developing countries, cross-national analysis, 39-73 fertility and, 1-4, 24, 183, 227, 316 317; see also Insurance behavior; Replacement behavior historical evidence, 23-24 Indonesia, 318, 319-320 Latin America, 12-13 learning and perception of, 112- 134 sub-Saharan Africa, 13, 18, 22-23, 141-142, 145-147, 151-154 United States, historical studies, 7-8, 232-234, 242-243 see also Adult mortality; Child mortality, general; Demographic transition theory, classic; Infant mortality; Life expectancy Multilevel analysis, 2, 385-386, 399-405 Multistate duration analysis, 25, 43 Multivariate analysis, 6, 182, 184- 186 AIDS, 139, 143, 146-165 birth spacing, 280-281, 330-334 Costa Rica, 386, 394-396 Europe, country studies, 186-187, 195 207 Indonesia, 330-334
From page 422...
... 422 N National trends, see Cross-national analyses; specific countries and regions Neonatal mortality birth spacing and, 48, 260, 277-280 Indonesia, 321 Nepal, 20 Netherlands, l95(n.13) , 198, 202, 204, 207 Nigeria, 113, 143 Nonparametric analysis, 287 replacement behavior, 96-98, 102, 276, 309 Number of children, see Family size Nuptuality, see Marriage and marital status Nutrition, 275, 276 AIDS mortality, 147, 148 Europe, country studies, 192, 215 o Occupational status, see Employment and occupational status Optimization models, 75-76, 82, 90, 96, 97 Orphans, 144, 149 Ovulation, see Lactation interruption; Menstruation p Pakistan, 14, 16, 20 Parity factors, 11, 41, 42, 51, 102, 276- 310, 322-323, 332, 364, 376 Africa, sub-Saharan, 255, 261, 263- 265, 269-272, 280-302, 304 birth control and, 9, 29 developing countries, 25, 317 first born, 25, 87, 88-89, 102, 304, 324-325, 332, 333-334, 373, 377 Africa, sub-Saharan, 264-265, 283, 290, 298-302, 304 INDEX India, 373, 377 Indonesia, 324-325, 333-334, 335 India, 364, 373, 376, 377 Indonesia, 323-327, 329-330, 332-334, 335 replacement behavior, 28, 100, 263, 271-272, 280-298 United States, 229, 240-242 see also Birth spacing; Birth timing; Family size Philippines, 15, 17, 19-20 Political factors, see Public sector role Postneonatal mortality birth spacing and, 48, 260, 277-280 Indonesia, 321 Population growth, 183, 227 country trends, 12, 16-17, 238 Population-invariant mortality risk, 88-96 Portugal, 198, 204 Postpartum coital abstinence, 40, 43, 47, 62-64, 69, 263, 276 AIDS and, 142 Prenatal mortality, 40, 229 see also Abortion Private sector role, Costa Rica, contraceptives, 387 Prussia, 24, 182-183, 186-195, 202, 206, 208, 209, 211-214 Public sector role Costa Rica, 387, 396 developing countries, general, 25 East Asia, 19 family planning, 19, 20, 26, 408 Indonesia, 26, 318 Philippines, 20 sanitation infrastructure, 192, 193 Q Qualitative analysis, 262 focus groups, 27, 113, 405, 406 United States, diaries, 7-8
From page 423...
... , 261, 316-317, 340, 341-344 Africa, 261, 268-269 Costa Rica, 408 India, 355, 367-368, 377-378 United States, 244 Latin America, 301, 408 micro-level data, 5-6, 11, 22-23, 242 243, 264-337 nonparametric analysis, 96-98, 102, 276, 309 parity factors, 28, 100, 263, 271-272, 280-298 regression analysis, 93-94, 97-98, 261, 263, 266, 268, 271-277, 280 298, 353-356, 362, 364, 371 376 research needs, 4 reverse causality, 99, 246, 345 stochastic processes, 92-93, 95, 105 106, 107, 345 social learning and, 120 United States, 24, 227-253 Research needs demographic approaches, 8 economic models, 6 Europe, data quality, 207 family planning, 29 insurance behavior, 4-5, 28-29 lactation interruption, 4 recent research, 2, 5-6 replacement behavior, 4 social learning, 130 transition/confidence effect, 28 see also Statistical studies and methodologies
From page 424...
... Social learning, 29, 92, 99, 112- 134, 301 - 302 child death, individual, 117 contraception, 128 Costa Rica, 387, 395, 403, 405-406 defined, 114 diffusion models, 29, 128, 395-396 Europe, country studies, 209 health programs/services, 125-126, 129 insurance effect, 28-29 literacy and, 112, 130 negative events, bias toward, 122-124 "null" event, child survival as, 121 order of information received, 124-125 social network size, 119 Societal-level effects, see Aggregate analyses; Demographic factors, general Socioeconomic status, 2, 5, 22, 190, 215, 261 Bangladesh, 20 Costa Rica, 387, 391, 394, 395, 399, 400, 401, 403, 407 developing countries, general, 25, 41, 42, 45 East Asia, 19 Indonesia, 317 Latin America, 12-13 mortality risk, perception of, 113 Philippines, 20 Southeast Asia, 19 see also Standard of living South Korea, 19 Spain, 200, 205 Sri Lanka, 14, 16, 20 Standard of living Costa Rica, 389, 407 Europe, 183, 192
From page 425...
... INDEX Latin America, 12 Middle East, 21 Statistical studies and methodologies, see Estimation issues; Sampling and samples; specific methodologies Sterility and sterilization, 9, 29, 106, 277 AIDS and, 144 India, 27, 340, 356, 371, 372, 373, 376-377 postpartum, 69, 212, 276, 277; see also Lactation interruption Stillbirths, see Prenatal mortality Stochastic processes, 269, 304, 305, 345 replacement behavior, 92-93, 95, 105- 106, 107, 345 Structural estimation, 11, 90, 96, 97, 107- 108 Sub-Saharan Africa, 255 adult mortality, 138, 141, 142- 147, 149-151, 154, 156-161, 164 166, 174 age factors, family life cycles, 269-270, 274 275, 298-300 maternal, 145, 270, 279-280, 287, 304, 305 birth timing, 269-270, 280-298, 303 child death, individual, 13, 254, 276 277, 300 ethnicity, 273, 283 lactation interruption, 40, 142, 144, 263, 271-272, 275, 282, 299, 301 parity factors, 255, 261, 263-265, 269 272, 280-302, 304 trends, 13, 18, 25, 138 see also AIDS, sub-Saharan Africa; specific countries Sweden, 200, 202, 205, 207, 209, 308 T Taiwan, 19 Tanzania, 18, 139, 146-181 425 Target fertility model, 75, 77 Thailand, 15, 17, 19 Time-series analyses, 11, 184, 254 Costa Rica, 391-395 Europe, country studies, 188, 191, 196(n.14) , 215 India, 350-353, 356, 359, 361 Indonesia, 323-330 United States, 234, 247 U Uganda, 145 Uncertainty, decision-making, 6, 11, 22, 76, 77, 78-79, 263 bias toward negative events, 122-124 cultural factors, 127 fatalism, 5, 7, 260-261, 299, 322, 384 social learning and, 113, 115, 117-120, 128 see also Insurance behavior; Replacement behavior United National Population Division, 6 United States anthropometric data, 234, 235 baby boom, 234, 238 birth spacing, 40, 43, 46, 62-68 cross-sectional analysis, 238, 247 education, 129 ethnicity, 229-231, 232, 235, 241-242, 244, 245 family size, 240, 241, 242 insurance and replacement effects, 24, 227-253 life expectancy, 232-233, 234, 235 longitudinal studies, 7-8, 24, 227-253 marriage and marital status, 240, 241, 242 maternal age, 228, 229, 230, 241, 242, 244 migration effects, 229, 238, 246 parity factors, 240-242 samples and sampling, 240 vital statistics, 231-232, 234-235, 246
From page 426...
... 426 Unwanted fertility, 8-9, 41, 42, 45, 345 346 AIDS and, 144, 165 India, 342, 343, 356, 359, 378 Urban as rural residence, 26, 41, 45 AIDS, 138, 139-142, 145, 146 Bangladesh, 20 Costa Rica, 386, 387, 400 Europe, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203- 206, 209 Middle East, 20-21 Nigeria, 113, 143 social learning, 113, 125- 126 United States, 238, 244, 245, 246 Utility maximization models, 76-78, 80 88, 90, 108, 114-115 INDEX W Wales, 196(n.14) , 197, 200-203 World Fertility Surveys, 2, 6(n.3)


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