Chimpanzees in Research Strategies for Their Ethical Care, Management, and Use (1997) / Chapter Skim
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2 Research Needs
Pages 13-28
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From page 13... ...
Over the last 20 years, chimpanzees have been used as experimental models of humans in several research fields, including infectious disease, reproduction, language, and behavior. The contributions with the greatest effect
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From page 14... ...
. Major contributions to human health have resulted Dom the use of chimpanzees in studies to control transmission of and disease induced by the hepatitis viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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From page 15... ...
is an RNA virus that causes annual epidemics of upper and lower respiratory disease, primarily in infants and young children; some ofthese infections can be life-threatening. Only the chimpanzee develops disease symptoms comparable with those observed in infected humans, particularly the more-severe lower respiratory infec
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From page 16... ...
strains by both intravenous and mucosal routes. That chimpanzees can be infected with HIV strains representing different subtypes is critical because of the unprecedented genetic diversity of strains circulating worldwide (WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization 1994~.
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A specific example is the development of novel inhibitors of the enzyme elastase, which is present at high concentrations in human neutrophils and has been implicated in tissue destruction associated with inflammatory diseases, such as those of the upper respiratory tract, including cystic fibrosis, bronchi
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Given the unpredictable nature of emerging threats to human health, it is not possible to predict the total requirement for chimpanzees in the future. Table 2.2 shows some projected future needs, as indicated by a limited survey of investigators at NTH and elsewhere, and includes emerging health threats to mankind that could best be met by research with chimpanzees.
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From page 19... ...
In addition to HCV, the former NANB hepatitis viruses are known to include an enterically transmitted virus, designated hepatitis E, which has been transmitted to
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20 CHIMPAI`IZEES IN RESEARCH TABLE 2.3 Some Present Uses of Chimpanzees in Biomedical Researcha Housing Government or Number and Type Institution Subject of Research Nongovernment of Animals A Antiviral vaccines Nongovernment 99 in study under con fidentiality agreement Hepatitis B Government Not available Pharmacokinetics, Nongovernment Not available .
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From page 21... ...
subtype A and E strains have also been shown to infect chimpanzees, the latter by both intravenous and mucosal routes (Barre-Sinoussi and others 1997) , HIV-naive chimpanzees also wall be required to determine whether HIV strains representing the other subtypes are infectious in this species.
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From page 22... ...
It is projected that two groups of chimpanzees will be important for future HIV research sponsored by NIH: about six to nine HIV-naive chimpanzees per year will be required for vaccine studies, and at least five HIV-infected chimpanzees per year will be used as surrogates for chimpanzees immunized with attenuated vaccines. Given the uses foreseen here testing the infectivity of non-subtype-B HIV, establishing mucosal-challenge models, and serving as naive controls as well as evaluating the pathogenesis of the HIV-]
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From page 23... ...
Multiple factors, most of which resulted from human activities, contributed to both the emergence and the spread of HIV. Those factors included urbanization and movement of segments of the population from rural Afiican villages to expanding cities; changes in lifestyle and sexual behavior, including increased prostitution in African cities and high-risk sexual behavior in the homosexual population; increased illicit drug use; increased international travel between all continents; and medical technology, for example, blood transfusions and immunosuppressive regimens associated with tissue transplantation.
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From page 24... ...
Likewise, just as the chimpanzee is the only nonhuman animal that HIV and some hepatitis viruses infect, other unknown pathogens might also exhibit this property. Thus, it is critical that the captive chimpanzee population be maintained in sufficient numbers to meet a potential public-health emergency.
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In the past, critical decisions on the choice of specific agents hom among groups of novel therapeutic agents were made on that basis. In general, studies of novel xenobiotics are of short duration, and any compromise of the well-being of the animals is minimized by prior extensive toxicologic evaluation in other species.
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From page 26... ...
The preference for using privately owned, rather than government-owned, animals is the combined result of delays encountered in complying with administrative requirements and the expectation that proprietary information would have to be disclosed. To secure the use of government-owned chimpanzees by forprofit organizations, procedures should be streamlined to eliminate redundant aspects of the process, such as review and approval of protocols by more than one committee.
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From page 27... ...
Specific examples discussed in this chapter include the successful development of an HBV vaccine and similar efforts related to HIV and HCV. Obvious future threats to human health will be infectious agents that potentially could emerge or re-emerge anywhere and spread around the world with the help of social and behavioral patterns and routine international travel.
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From page 28... ...
· To promote the use of government-owned chimpanzees by forprofit organizations, procedures to obtain access to the animals should be streamlined to minimize delays in initiating studies and to eliminate requirements for full disclosure of proprietary information. · Acute terminal studies involving chimpanzees are justified under some circumstances and, when possible, should be designed as collaborative efforts to yield the maximal amount of information with the potential to benefit more than one field of research.
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