Chimpanzees in Research Strategies for Their Ethical Care, Management, and Use (1997) / Chapter Skim
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4 Demography, Cost, and Genetic Management
4 Demography, Cost, and Genetic Management
Pages 48-66
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From page 48... ...
have excellent records available to allow evaluation of demographic management Issues. Chimpanzee population demography resembles that of human populations and hence is quite different from that of other laboratory animal models.
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From page 49... ...
The age structure of a population is important for understanding population dynamics. The biomedical research chimpanzee population in the United States now has a generally stable age structure with captive-bred animals filling in the Tower age classes as a result of the ban on importation of wild chimpanzees imposed by CITES in 1975.
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From page 50... ...
~ and 4.2 show projected fixture population sizes and trends for two of the long-term management options discussed in this report. Other options can be modeled, but these were selected as distinct examples of future management decisions by the proposed Chimpanzee Management Program (ChiMP)
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From page 51... ...
Starting in the third year of a breeding period, a mixture of two- and three-year-old animals and adults is moved from the breeding program. The figure reflects a S-yr breeding moratorium, a lO-yr breeding period, a TO-yr breeding moratorium, another lO-yr breeding period, another lO-yr breeding moratorium, and the beginning of a third lO-yr breeding period.
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From page 52... ...
Chimpanzees are among the most-expensive laboratory animal models. Their large size and complex social requirements demand housing and intensive care practices that are expensive, even if minimal.
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From page 53... ...
The high cost of chimpanzees for research results in diminished use, which in turn increases costs to researchers who still use them because fewer use fees are available to cover the costs of breeding and maintenance. If the chimpanzee is to remain a viable animal model for research, mechanisms for increasing the cost effectiveness of chimpanzee breeding, maintenance, and research must be developed.
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From page 54... ...
are determined by the size of Nose two subgroups that begin in year O with a breeding colony of 282 animals, at an annual direct cost of $2,058,600, and 246 animals not needed for breeding, at an annual direct cost of $1,795,800. It remains more expensive than the stable-production model until year 35, after which it declines to only 39 animals by year 50 because of natural mortality, at an annual direct cost $284,700.
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From page 55... ...
~ and 4.2 provide the annual direct costs, at $20 per day, for breeders and those not needed for breeding that are represented in figures 4.3 and 4.4, respectively. For example, table 4.!
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From page 56... ...
~ fact, simplification of the support mechanisms would likely save some costs and make animals available to a wider segment of the research community for important research. Simplification and centralization would also allow better coordination of population management in response to perceived national needs.
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From page 57... ...
DEMOGRAPHY, COST AND GEN~C MA=RIAL 57 TABLE 4.~ Cr~sis Model: Ar~nual Costs for Breeding ar~d Not Needed for Breeding S20.00 per day 365 days per year Breeding Not Needed Breeding Not Needed Require Year Colony for Breeding Colony for Breeding Support 0 282 24BS2,058,600 S1,795,800 528 1 271 237S1,978,300 S1,730,100 508 2 261 228S1,905,300 S1,664,400 489 3 251 219S1,832,300 S1,598,700 470 4 241 211S1,759,300 S1,540,300 452 5 232 203S1,693,600 S1,481,900 435 6 237 215S1,730,100 S1,569,500 452 7 242 227S1,766,600 S1,657,100 4B9 8 247 238S1,803,100 S1,737,400 485 9 252 249S1,839,600 S1,817,700 501 10 257 260S1,876,100 S1,898,000 517 11 261 270S1,905,300 S1,971,000 531 12 264 280S1,927,200 S2,044,000 544 13 265 289St ,934,500 S2, 109,700 554 14 264 298S1,927.200 S2,175,400 562 15 261 307S1,905,300 S2,241,100 568 16 251 295S1,832,300 S2,153,500 546 17 241 284S1,759,300 S2,073,200 525 18 232 273S1,693,600 S1,992,900 505 19 223 263S1,627,900 S1,919,900 488 20 215 253S1,569,500 S1,846,900 468 21 207 243S1,511,100 S1,773,900 450 Z 199 234S1,452,700 S1,708,200 433 23 191 225S1,394,300 S1,642,500 418 24 184 21BS1,343,200 S1,576,800 400 25 177 208S1,292,100 S1,518,400 385 26 178 220S1,299,400 S1,606,000 398 27 179 232S1,306,700 S1,693,600 411 28 181 243S1,321,300 S1,773,900 424 29 181 254S1,321,300 S1,854,200 435 30 179 264S1,306,700 S1,927,200 443 31 176 274S1,284,800 S2,000,200 450 32 171 284S1,248,300 S2,073,200 455 33 165 293S1,204.500 S2,138,900 458 34 157 302S1,146,100 S2,204,600 459 35 148 310S1,080,400 S2,263,000 458 36 143 298S1,043,900 S2,175,400 441 37 137 287S1,000,100 S2,095,100 424 38 132 276S963,600 S2,014,800 408 39 127 266S927,100 S1,941,800 393 40 122 256S890,600 S1,868,800 378 41 118 246S8B1,400 S1,795,800 3" 42 113 237S824,900 S1,730,100 350 43 109 228S795,700 S1,664,400 337 44 105 219S766,500 S1,598,700 324 45 101 211$737,300 S1,540,300 312 46 91 223S664,300 S1,627,900 314 47 81 235S591,300 S1,715,500 31B 48 68 246S496,400 S1,795,800 314 49 55 257S401,500 S1,87B,100 312 50 39 267S284,700 S1,949,100 308
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From page 58... ...
. _ TABLE 4.2 Stable Production Model: Annual Costs for Breeding ar~d Not Needed for Breeding S20.00 per day 365 days per year Bmeding Not Needed Bmeding Not Needed Require Year Colony for Bmeding Colony for Breeding Suppod 0 168 360 S1,226,400 S2,828,000 528 1 182 34B S1,182,600 S2,525,800 508 2 15B 333 S1,138,800 S2,430,900 4189 3 150 320 S1,095,000 S2,33B,000 470 4 144 308 S1,051,200 S2~48,400 452 5 139 296 S1,014,700 S2.160,800 435 6 140 295 S1,022,000 S2,153,500 435 7 140 2g4 S1,022,000 S2.148,200 434 8 141 293 S1,029,300 S2,138,900 434 9 144 292 S1,051,200 S2,t31,600 436 10 147 291 S1,073,100 S2,124,300 438 11 151 290 S1,102,300 S2,117,000 441 12 155 289 S1,131,500 S2,109,700 4 4 4 13 158 288 S1,153,400 S2,102,400 446 14 160 287 S1,168,000 S2,095,100 447 15 162 286 S1,182,600 S2,087,800 448 16 162 285 S1,182,600 S2,080,500 447 17 161 284 S1,175,300 S2,073,200 445 18 159 283 S1,160,700 S2,065,900 442 19 157 282 S1,146,100 S2,058,600 439 20 155 281 S1,131,500 S2,051,300 436 21 154 280 S1,124,200 S2,044,000 434 22 152 279 S1,109,600 S2,036,700 431 23 152 278 S1,109,600 S2,029,400 430 24 151 278 S1,102,300 S2,029,400 429 25 152 278 S1,109,600 S2,029,400 430 26 152 278 S1,109,600 S2,029,400 430 27 153 278 S1,116,900 S2,029,400 431 28 153 278 S1,116,900 S2,029,400 431 29 154 278 S1,124,200 S2,029,400 432 30 155 278 S1,131,500 S2,029,400 433 31 155 278 S1,131,500 S2,029,400 433 32 155 278 S1,131,500 S2.029,400 433 33 154 278 S1,124,200 S2,029,400 432 34 153 278 St,116,900 S2,029,400 431 35 151 278 S1,102,300 S2,029,400 429 36 150 278 S1,095,000 S2,029,400 428 37 148 278 S1,080,400 - S2,029,400 426 38 147 278 S1,073,100 S2,029,400 425 39 147 278 S1,073,100 S2,029,400 425 40 147 278 S1,073,100 S2.029,400 425 41 147 278 S1,073,100 S2,020,400 425 42 148 278 S1,080,400 S2,029,400 426 43 140 278 S1,087,700 S2,029.400 427 44 150 278 S1,095,000 S2,029,400 428 45 151 278 S1,102,300 S2,029,400 429 46 151 278 S1,102,300 S2,029,400 429 47 150 278 S1,095,000 S2.029,400 428 48 149 278 S1,087,700 S2,029,400 427 49 149 278 S1,087,700 S2,029,400 427 50 148 278 S1,080,400 S2,029,400 426
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From page 59... ...
We believe that these lifetime cost calculations are an important warning about financial encumbrances in the future. We also recognize that most of society's budget decisions are made on an annual or limited-year grant basis, and that is the level at which the value and costs of research chimpanzees will be continually assessed.
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From page 60... ...
GENETIC MANAGEMENT Conservation-oriented genetic management traditionally has been used to manage captive nonhuman primate colonies. That approach emphasizes preservation of genetic variability and avoidance of inbreeding as the primary goals of genetic management, with a general objective of preserving the evolutionary potential of the population (SouTe 1986, 1987~.
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From page 61... ...
However, if the ChiMP office does not expect a long future for chimpanzee experimentation or a substantial increase in genetic research with these animals, genetic management programs involving extensive geneticmarker analysis might not be justified. Pedigree information alone will allow evaluation of founder contributions, inbreeding coefficients, and kinship coefficients between potential mating pairs or potential sample animals (Williams-Blangero and Dyke 1992~.
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From page 62... ...
The effective population size of a colony can be evaluated through computer sunulation analyses of pedigree information (for example, Waples 19891. Maintenance of heterozygosity is a common component of genetic management programs and can be evaluated through computer simulation analyses of pedigree data or directly from genetic-marker data.
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From page 63... ...
FUTURE BREEDING Current genetic management decisions must be considered in the light of long-term demographic consequences. Animals bred to meet current or projected research demands entail a substantial financial liability because of their long life span.
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From page 64... ...
Under the perview of the ChiMP office, breeding-colony production programs should be designed to ensure availability of adequate samples for experimental protocols. C RYO OR ES ERVAT'O N O F GAL ETES O R EM B RYOS Cryopreservation of chimpanzee gametes or embryos has been suggested as a mechanism for preserving chimpanzee variability in the absence of numerous breeding colonies (Ballou 19921.
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From page 65... ...
· Genetic management should be an important component of the overall management of the research chimpanzee population. Inbreeding should be avoided whenever possible.
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From page 66... ...
66 CHIMPANZEES IN RESEARCH recor~eeping at local facilities, a centralized source of records should be maintained for the entire US research chimpanzee population, as is currently done by ISTS. · Given the state of the art, cryopreservation does not yet allow for a drastic reduction in or elimination of breeding colonies of chimpanzees.
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