Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Volume 3: Information in Warfare (1997) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX B The Navy and Satellite Communications
APPENDIX B The Navy and Satellite Communications
Pages 106-118
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From page 106... ...
, under the guidance of Thomas Edison, embarked on a highly productive research effort in radio propagation, which developed a quite novel technique for radio detection and ranging, called "radar." As the space age dawned in the 1950s, the U.S. Navy was highly experienced in radio technology and operations and prepared to utilize satellite communications.
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From page 107... ...
Echo carried the first transoceanic satellite signal from Bell Laboratories in New Jersey to the French Communications Center in Paris. Telstar, a medium-altitude satellite developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories and launched in 1962, was the most famous experimental satellite its technical contributions so significant and its impact on the public so great that its name for a while became generic for "communications satellite." It was the first satellite to use a traveling wave tube (TWT)
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From page 108... ...
government throughout the 1960s and into the early 1970s, made military and commercial satellite communications possible and led to a thriving international industry. The Navy participated in many of these programs, developing and testing terminals, multiple access, fleet broadcast, and antijamming technology.
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From page 109... ...
This led to Marisat, the first mobile satellite communications system, which was established in 1976 to provide UHF service to the Navy and L-band service to the commercial maritime community. The L-band capacity of Marisat was later incorporated into the INMARSAT system.
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From page 110... ...
The Navy has helped foster defense-wide interest in a global broadcast service through such projects as Radiant Storm, which explored the use of small antennas with high-power Ku-band downlinks for broadcast distribution. The Navy introduced satellite broadcast in defense satellite communications with the creation of fleet satellites in 1972.
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From page 111... ...
Also, a GEO satellite's power and bandwidth may be configured to match communications requirements through the use of multibeam antennas and spot beams, weighted and shaped beams, and efficient demand assignment and multiple access techniques. The advantages of LEO and medium Earth orbit (MEO)
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From page 112... ...
All are in direct competition with each other and with existing and proposed GEO mobile systems. The LEO/MEO systems are all going through the tortuous process of applying for licenses, requesting frequency applications, seeking investors, lining up international partners, organizing contract teams, conducting system and marketing studies, doing detailed design work, and letting construction contracts.
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From page 113... ...
These systems are potentially significant to naval operations because, while basically directed at land-based users, they inherently cover the broad ocean areas and the polar regions that may generate little commercial traffic. But the Navy can benefit from the low-cost access available through these systems for logistic and administrative traffic, including sailor access to direct-dial calls to home for quality of life improvement.
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From page 114... ...
There is little doubt that the first decade of the next century will see military operational requirements emerge for all of these high data rates. In the case of the Navy, high data rates will be needed for imagery and other sensor data that may be associated with cooperative engagement capability, cruise missile retargeting, video conferencing, medical services, and training using "virtual reality." Networks Satellites are bound to play an important role in future high-data-rate networks, as they have in networks at lower data rates.
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From page 115... ...
Current VSAT systems operate at low data rates (fractional T-1) but will inevitably move up the data rate scale.
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From page 116... ...
Once the computing and communications capabilities have been combined and the networking technologies developed to serve science and engineering applications, their use in industrial and commercial applications will surely follow and on a worldwide basis. ACTS NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)
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From page 117... ...
In many instances, military communications had to be supplemented with commercial satellite communications units. Navy ships found commercial INMARSAT terminals to be more reliable and user friendly than military terminals.
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From page 118... ...
2. Commercial satellite communications systems offer a wider array of services, some with higher performance, and most at lower cost than the Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS)
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