Research Required to Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix G: Radionuclide Source Term Ranges for Different Test Scenarios
Appendix G: Radionuclide Source Term Ranges for Different Test Scenarios
Pages 131-136
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From page 131... ...
The debris deposited in the lower regions forms tropospheric fallout that will reach the surface over a month's time in the general latitude of the test site. The finer particulates deposited in He upper atmosphere folly stratospheric fallout that may continue for years with a nearly worldwide distribution.
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From page 132... ...
1 Source Term Review RESEARCHREQUIRED TO SUPPORT CTBT MONITORING radioactive decay, the chemical properties of different fission products, and the fallout rate of different-sized particulates, the radioisotopic composition of the debris will change rapidly. The refractory fission products, including radioisotopes of the lanthanides, rapidly form stable oxides, condensing onto Be dust particulates where they fall out more quickly than the more volatile fission fragments.
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From page 133... ...
The results are similar to an aboveground burst, but because of the presence of a larger volume of absorbing material, the amounts of particulates and radioactive noble gas are reduced. It is primarily the more volatile species of the fission products that are released into the atmosphere For underground nuclear events that are unable to contain gases especially well, xenon-133 may be detected for 25 to 30 days at a distance greater than 300 m and for 30 to 70 days at distances less than 300 m.
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From page 134... ...
At high altitudes this water will condense to form water droplets, which in turn will form a radioactive cloud similar to ordinary atmospheric clouds. As cooling continues, much of the water, with its suspended radioactive particulates and dissolved fission product ions, will gradually fall back to the surface as rain, spreading radioactivity over a large area of the ocean.
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From page 135... ...
Aircraft collection of atmospheric debris or collection of water samples from the broad ocean area is necessary to obtain such samples. On-Site Inspection using gas sampling is feasible in the case of moderate leaks but will require precise location information (i.e., distances less than two to three depths of burial)
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