People and Pixels Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science (1998) / Chapter Skim
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8 Extraction and Modeling of Urban Attributes Using Remote Sensing Technology
8 Extraction and Modeling of Urban Attributes Using Remote Sensing Technology
Pages 164-188
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From page 164... ...
Remotely sensed data are thus potentially valuable both to social scientists and to urban planners and other public officials. This chapter first identifies key attributes of urban and suburban environments and evaluates the capability of remote sensing technology to measure these attributes accurately at the requisite levels of temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution.
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From page 165... ...
Land Use/Land Cover Urban land-use/land-cover information is required for residential-industrialcommercial site selection, population estimation, and development of zoning regulations (Green et al., 1994~. For this reason, the USGS developed a land-use and land-cover classification system for use with remotely sensed data (Anderson et al., 1976~.
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From page 166... ...
5 - 10 min0.3 - 0.5 m Pan T4 - parking studies 10 - 60 min0.3 - 0.5 m Pan Utility Infrastructure U1 - general utility line mapping and routing 1 - 5 years 1 - 30 m Pan U2 - precise utility line width, right-of-way 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.6 m Pan US - location of poles, manholes, substations 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.6 m Pan Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Creation D1 - large scale DEM 5 - 10 years 0.3 - 0.5 m Pan D2 - large scale slope map 5 - 10 years 0.3 - 0.5 m Pan Socioeconomic Characteristics Sl-localpopulation estimation 5- 7years 0.3- Sm Pan S2- regional/nationalpopulationestimation 5 - 15 years 5 - 20m V-NIR S3 - qualityoflifeindicators 5 - lOyears 0.3 - 30m Pan-NIP Energy Demand and Conservation E1 - energy demand and production potential 1 - 5 years 0.3 - 1 m Pan-NIP E2 - building insulation surveys 1 - 5 years 1 - 5 m TIR Meterological Data Ml-daily weather prediction 30min-12hr 1-8 km V-NIR-TIR M2 - currenttemperature 30 min - 1 hr 1 - 8 km TIR M3 - current precipitation 10 - 30 min 4 km Doppler Radar M4 - immediate severe storm warning 5 - lOmin 4km Doppler Radar MS - monitoring urban heat island effect 12 - 24 hr 5 - 10 m TIR Critical Environmental Area Assessment C1 - stable sensitive environments C2 - dynamic sensitive environments 1 - 2 years1 - lOm V-NIR-MIR 1 - 6 months0.3 - 2 m V-NIR-MIR-TIR Disaster Emergency Response DE1 - pre-emergency imagery 1 - 5 years1 - 5 m V-NIR DE2 - post-emergency imagery 12 hr - 2 days0.3 - 2 m Pan-NIR-Radar DE3 - damaged housing stock 1 - 2 days0.3 - 1 m Pan-NIP DE4 - damaged transportation 1 - 2 days0.3 - 1 m Pan-NIP DES - damaged utilities 1 - 2 days0.3 - 1 m Pan-NIP
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From page 167... ...
lOOOm Skm lOkm . M3 .M4 0.2 0.3 015 .8 1.0 2 3 5 1 110 2 3 5 1112 2 3 5 1113 2 3 1 5 8 1o4 Spatial Resolution in meters FIGURE 8-1 Spatial and temporal resolution requirements for urban/suburban attributes overlaid on the spatial and temporal capabilities of current and proposed remote sensing systems.
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From page 168... ...
In many instances, the fence lines are the cadastral property lines. Accurate photogrammetric surveys can meet the new draft Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards (Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1997~.
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From page 169... ...
Currently, only aerial photography can provide such planimetric information (see Figure 8-2~. Next to meteorological investigations, traffic-count studies of automobiles, airplanes, boats, pedestrians, and people in groups require data of the highest temporal resolution, ranging from 5 to 10 minutes.
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From page 171... ...
171 Cal o o A Ct Cal Cal Ct .= o ~ o · · - d O O O ~ .0 Ct ·= .0 Cal ~ so -4 ;^ I., d ~ · ~ Ct lo, ~ ~O ·0 ~ lo,, Cal · _~ O ·= .0 sly ~ ·0 ·0 ,=0 ~ ~ lo, .= ·> -~ so Cal O O ·= O Cal ~ .
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From page 174... ...
It is possible to extract z-elevation data using SPOT 10 x 10 m data and even Landsat TM 30 x 30 m data for terrain that has not been mapped previously (Gugan and Dowman, 1988~. However, any DEM to be used for an urban/ suburban application should ideally have a z-elevation and x, y coordinates that meet Draft Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards (Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1997~.
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From page 175... ...
However, since it is not possible to determine from remotely sensed data what is occurring within a structure, these estimates require the following conditions (Lindgren, 1985; Lo, 1986, 1995; Holz, 1988; Raymondo, 1992; Haack, 1997~: · The imagery must be of sufficient spatial resolution to allow the identification of individual structures even through tree cover, and to determine whether buildings are residential, commercial, or industrial. · Some estimates of the average number of persons per dwelling unit, such as those available from the decennial census, must be available.
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From page 176... ...
Both of these methods can use data derived from multispectral remote sensors (5-20 m) every 5 to 15 years.
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From page 177... ...
GOES West obtains information about the western United States and is parked at 135° west longitude. GOES East obtains information about the Caribbean and the Eastern United States and is parked at 75° west longitude.
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From page 178... ...
Finally, daytime and nighttime thermal infrared remote sensor data with high spatial resolution (5-10 m) represent one of the primary methods for obtaining quantitative spatial information on the urban heat island effect (Lo et al., 1997~.
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From page 179... ...
This model was based on a systematic method of capturing and analyzing a wide range of data sources that are indicators of urban development. Unlike previous residential models, this model incorporated census data, land use/land cover, raster-based satellite imagery, building permit data, and postal code geography.
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From page 180... ...
180 MODELING OFATTRIBUTES USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY ~<,\ _ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Hi, /~ a IKE ~e ~'0 \ ~^'5^ ..t _ ~ ~: i ~ ~ ~ a; ~ ~ ~ Ja ckso: ~ ~",/1 'at ~ 2 0 2 4 hales ~ .
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From page 181... ...
In fact, the SPOT multispectral data at a resolution of 20 x 20 m provided a basis for classifying all the land in South Carolina as either developable or undevelopable (Plate 8-2, after page 182~. Developable land consisted of agricultural land, scrub/shrub, and forests.
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From page 182... ...
These remotely sensed data were integrated with data on 1990 developable land to provide timely updates that clearly identify where disturbances are occurring (see Figures 8-5 and 8-6~. This type of synoptic view is more efficient than traditional windshield surveys and much less expensive than aerial photography missions.
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From page 183... ...
Therefore, it could be assumed that the figure was representative of the average lot size in that neighborhood at that time. The final factor in the model required a spatially detailed empirical estimate of the residential growth rate throughout the metropolitan area.
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From page 184... ...
These models were used to forecast the number of housing units, the amount of available land, and the year of saturation for the years 1992 through 2005 (see Figure 8-7~. This effort lays the foundation for future models that will incorporate spatial information extracted from remotely sensed data (Halls et al., 1994~.
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From page 185... ...
None of the sensors, except repetitive aerial photography, can provide the 5-60 minute temporal resolution needed for traffic and parking studies. It may be necessary to have satellite remotely sensed data with higher spatial resolution (0.3-0.5 m)
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From page 186... ...
:869-879. Federal Geographic Data Committee 1997 Draft Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards.
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From page 187... ...
Luvall 1997 Application of high-resolution thermal infrared remote sensing and GIS to assess the urban heat island effect. International Journal of Remote Sensing 18(2)
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From page 188... ...
Davies, and R.K. Holz 1973 Detection of urban blight using remote sensing techniques.
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