Urban Policy in a Changing Federal System Proceedings of a Symposium (1985) / Chapter Skim
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7. The Significance of the Job Training Partnership Act for Federal-State-Local Relationships
7. The Significance of the Job Training Partnership Act for Federal-State-Local Relationships
Pages 184-201
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From page 184... ...
Whereas under CETA, local prime sponsors were funded directly by the federal government, under JTPA, funds go to the states, which are responsible for allocating them, setting up and overseeing the administrative structure, and setting the performance goals that fund recipients must meet. This switch created a sudden opportunity and, also, a sudden danger.
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From page 185... ...
It requires the linking of training with education and employment services and with economic development. It sets aside certain funds for dislocated workers -- those who have had steady jobs in the past-while targeting the bulk of the appropriation to disadvantaged workers, who might never have had a steady job.
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From page 186... ...
provisions ensure that no state receives less than 90 percent of its final CETA allotment, in fiscal year 1984, or the previous JTPA program year, in subsequent years. Title III funds for dislocated workers are based on equally weighted unemployment, excess unemployment, and duration of unemployment.
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From page 187... ...
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR . r I STATE JOB TRAINING COORDI NATI NG COUNC PRIVATE INDUSTRY COUNCI L/SERVICE DELIVERY AREA | 1 GOVERNOR/STATE EXECUTIVE GIL OFFICE IN CHARGE OF JTPA 1 _ LOCA L ELECTED OF F I C IA L GRANT RECIPIENT L | PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | FIGURE 7-1 Organizational structure of Job Training Partnership Act.
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From page 188... ...
There are 596 SDAs, of which 401 are multiju risdictional, 155 are single-county, and 40 are singlecity SDAs. Designating SDAs was a highly political process, since it reorganized the existing CETA prime sponsors as local service delivery entities.
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From page 189... ...
According to the National Alliance of Business (1984) , business persons are suspicious of job training programs because of their negative memories of the CETA program, but PIC members are changing this negative perception.
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From page 190... ...
The possibilities are suggested by these figures: discretionary fund to be divided among three SDAs, while Utah has a $1.5 million discretionary fund to be divided among nine SDAs. The executive branch, in rare instances with the assistance of the legislature, determines the performance standards for both Title II and Title III training Alabama has a $7.4 million
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From page 191... ...
In general, however, such agencies do not have any experience in overseeing or coordinating job training services, and this makes them more likely to take recommendations of local grantees. The Job Training Partnership Act is intended to encourage coordination between education and training and, thus, to involve educational institutions in joint planning and cooperative implementation of training programs.
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From page 192... ...
They target disadvantaged individuals, especially youth, and concentrate on coordinating state agencies, rather than on state-local coordination. If state priorities change, there is no telling what the outcome of turf battles might be, since some local grantees possess the power of networks, professional experience, and the ability to shut down the system -- to the detriment of the state's reputation.
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From page 193... ...
Local government or quasigovernmental corporations constitute 75 percent of all grantees and administrative agencies. The prime sponsors that have been eliminated from the system, according to our interviewees, are those that were not performing effectively under CETA.
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From page 194... ...
Thus, for both Title IIA and Title III, making income maintenance partially a state responsibility has the effect of biasing training away from the long-term programs that impart the highest level of skills. One would expect that for disadvantaged workers, it would also tend to keep clients in the two lower levels of training, preemployment training and basic skills training, since it could take a long time before an individual who needs these levels of training could advance to occupational skill training.
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From page 195... ...
It must be remembered, however, that where there are labor shortages or shortages in specific skills, the private sector traditionally accelerates its own training efforts or recruits outside the local labor market. Where there are labor surpluses, the private sector tends to be disinterested in supporting training of any kind.
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From page 196... ...
WHAT IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN? When one contemplates the bureaucratic inertia that must be overcome to fulfill the hopes for JTPA merely in coordinating training with higher education, general education, vocational education, employment services, welfare services, social services, weatherization and conservation programs, and economic development, In relation to a very diverse and sometimes amorphous client group, one cannot realistically expect much.
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From page 197... ...
Such places are by no means confined to urban areas, of course, but many large and medium-size cities are among them. CONCLUS ION JTPA is a good deal more than a partnership: It calls for a sort of public holding company within each
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From page 198... ...
This would not occur only if the country entered a period of rapid job growth, so that excess labor was absorbed in virtually all urban labor markets. That event is not likely to occur; indeed, there is likely to be a large and growing labor surplus in
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From page 199... ...
Had Congress left it up to state legislators to allocate funds, training funds might well have been distributed disproportionally to suburban and rural areas. The metropolitan prime sponsors did remain intact after JTPA and that is favorable to urban economic development and job development.
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From page 200... ...
U.S. Congress, House 1983 Implementation of the Job Training Partnership Act: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations.
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From page 201... ...
Widner, Ralph R., Schwartz, Gail Garfield, Rainey, Kenneth D., and Choate, Pat 1980 Economic Development and Employment: A Survey of Economic Development, Employment and Train. ing Programs Since 1960.
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