U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science (1998) / Chapter Skim
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4 Findings and Recommendations
4 Findings and Recommendations
Pages 101-114
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From page 101... ...
As the political context for both Europe and the United States evolves in the post-Cold War era, the number of potential space partners, such as newly democratic Eastern European countries, increases, and new institutions and commercial entities enter the scene. In the United States, for example, start-up companies seek to profit from highresolution Earth observation imagery, whereas across the Atlantic, the European Union has taken on a broader role in space policy.
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From page 102... ...
The joint committee has tried to be sensitive to these shifts in extracting lessons from the past, but it has not tried to forecast the future. GOALS AND RATIONALE FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION The joint committee's examination of U.S.-European missions over more than 30 years shows, in retrospect, that international cooperation has at times been used to justify a scientific mission that may have lacked support from the scientific community at large or other factors important for successful cooperation.
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From page 103... ...
Specifically, the joint committee recommends that international cooperative missions involve the following: · Scientirc support through peer review that Affirms the scientific integrity, value, requirements, and benefits of a cooperative mission; · An historical foundation built on an existing international community, partnership, and shared · ·~ ~ sclentlJ`c experiences; · Shared objectives that incorporate the interests of scientists, engineers, and managers in common and communicated goals; · Clearly derned responsibilities and roles for cooperative partners, including scientists, engineers, and · ~ mission managers; · An agreed-upon process for data calibration, validation, access, and distribution; · A sense of partnership recognizing the shared contributions of each participant; · Benercial characteristics of cooperation; and · Recognition of the importance of reviews for cooperative activities in the conceptual, developmental, active, or extended mission phases- particularly for foreseen and upcoming large missions. NASA and the international partners should reflect on the nature of the existing International Space Station (ISS)
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From page 104... ...
Recommendation 3 Regarding cooperation between NASA and European countries, the joint committee recommends that scientific communities in the United States and Europe use international bodies such as the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSUJ, the Committee on Space Research (COSPARJ, and other international scientific unions to keep informed about planned national activities in the space sciences, to identify areas of potential program coordination, to discuss issues and problems (e.g., technology, data sharing and exchange, cultural barriersJ related to international cooperation, and to share this information with national agencies. Finding: Clear, open communications are particularly important for international missions in space science to ensure that the cooperative space effort has clearly articulated common goals and responsibilities and that mission results will be freely available.
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From page 105... ...
Recommendation 5 The joint committee recommends that only those international cooperative efforts be attempted in which participants consider themselves partners (even if their respective responsibilities and contributions are different) and have confidence in one another's reliability and competence as well as their dedication to the overall · · ~ mission goals.
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From page 106... ...
Recommendation 7 The joint committee recommends that each international mission in the space-oriented sciences be assessed periodically for its scientific vitality, timeliness, and mission operations, if a significant delay in mission development or if mission descope is necessary because of funding difficulties or other factors. For each cooperative mission, the participating space agencies should appoint a separate International Mission Review ~ ...
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From page 107... ...
Recommendation 11 In light of the importance of international cooperative activities in space and given the changing environment for cooperation, the joint committee recommends that the national and multinational space agencies
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From page 108... ...
budget process, and the importance of trustworthy international agreements supporting cooperative efforts in space, the joint committee recommends that international budget lines be added to the three science offices within NASA to support important peer-reviewed, moderate-scale international activit~es.3 Finding: The free and open exchange of data lies at the heart of international scientific cooperation.4 When it is missing (as in the case of NASA and ESA in the area of Earth science) , significant scientific international cooperation is difficult, if not almost impossible.
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From page 109... ...
. · Create full definition of objectives, scope, plan, schedule, contingencies, and data issues Include project management plans · Conduct periodic reviews of mission and effectiveness of its service to user community Recommendation 14 The joint committee recommends the following: · NASA and European space agencies should make a commitment to free and open exchange of data for scientific research as a condition for international scientific cooperation after any proprietary period established for principal investigators; · The scientific community, through their international organizations (e.g., ICSU, COSPARJ, should openly and forcefully state their commitments to this concept and where there are difficulties; and · U.S.
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From page 110... ...
Among these factors are the following: · New types of space cooperative efforts with Russia; · Fundamental changes in the rationale for funding space research in the United States and Europe, and corresponding reductions in funding on both sides of the Atlantic; · Establishment of new policies for space research activities in the United States and Europe; · Increasing emphasis on the applications of space research having commercial and/or industrial returns, particularly in Earth observation; · Increasing use of networks, such as the Internet, which imply the establishment of new data policies that take into account scientific and technical needs; · The appearance of new European actors in the space arena, namely the European Union, the European Parliament, and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites; and · The establishment at the beginning of the next millennium of a new facility, the Space Station, which is likely to have an impact (either directly or indirectly) on the nature of international cooperation across the space .
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From page 111... ...
Analysis of past experiences has shown that the answers to these questions have a strong impact on international cooperative activities and that the will of politicians to foster such cooperation is essential. In fact, the interest and value of cooperative endeavors should be measured in cost savings or programmatic constraints as well as in terms of the international benefit for the partners, the gain in science and engineering achievements, and the political benefits.
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From page 113... ...
Appendixes
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