Global Environmental Change Research Pathways for the Next Decade (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Index A Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, 382 Acid deposition, 33, 49, 53, 193, 232, 502 Air pollution, 33, 49-51, 73, 170, 192, 205-206, Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate 520 Change, 406 emissions trading, 320 Aerosols, 192, 197-199, 205, 206, 209, 223, see also Acid deposition; Aerosols; Carbon 227-231, 404, 406-409, 449, 489, dioxide; Greenhouse gases; Ozone 492, 503, 520, 528 layer depletion; Ozone, decadal to centennial climate change, 153, tropospheric; Particulate matter; 164, 170, 172, 175, 180, 396, 398- Photochemical oxidants; Trace gases 399 Albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, large-scale ecosystems, 28, 44, 68 183, 256, 462 models, 230-231, 406-407 UV radiation and, 227 paleoclimatology, 254, 255 All-India Rainfall Index, 91, 93, 94 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, Reflection Radiometer, 28 314, 462 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, American River, 134-137 28, 94, 380, 417 Antarctica, 147, 158-161, 182, 159, 160, 162, Agriculture, 296, 306, 307, 412, 460, 461, 499, 182 521, 557 ozone hole, 6-7, 191, 194-195, 201, 206, fertilizers, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412 227, 488 large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 33, paleoclimatology, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270 44 Anthropogenic factors, see Human factors in monsoons, 91-94 global environment production/climate models, 299-300, 312, Archiving, 538 314 decadal to centennial climate change, 154, rain, 95-96 155 wetlands, 173 human factors, 337, 348, 351, 356 see also Department of Agriculture paleoclimatology, 269, 275 precipitation data, 120, 389 575
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576 INDEX satellite data, general, 30, 121, 390, 427, large-scale ecosystems, 21, 22, 23, 28, 33, 436, 437 44, 49-51, 53, 69 snow, 390 models, 191, 194, 201, 204, 207, 208, 209, vegetation, 123, 392 213, 214, 218, 219, 220-221, 225, Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition, 53 226, 227, 230, 231-232, 487-495, Arctic systems, 25, 27, 32, 160, 161, 166, 249, 502-503, 520 264, 265, 401 regional factors, 33, 49, 203, 204, 224, 227, ozone layer depletion, other than 229, 403, 405-406 Antarctica, 197, 201 satellite technology, 207, 220, 223, 227, polar platforms, 14-15, 29, 428, 430 407 see also Antarctica; Cryosphere; Greenland see also Aerosols; Air pollution; Atlantic Ocean, 53, 100 Greenhouse gases; Ozone layer North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, depletion; Trace gases 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, Atmospheric circulation, 489 168, 257, 302 decadal to centennial climate change, 136, surface temperature, other, 98, 133, 145, 153-156, 152, 153-156 149, 151, 156, 165, 168 experimental studies, 229-230, 402, 406 thermohaline circulation, 141, 147, 169, paleoclimatology, 251, 271, 276, 277 267 wind, 99, 113, 121, 136, 159, 182, 259, Younger Dryas, 132, 242-243, 252 388, 390-391, 395, 397, 460, 467 Atmosphere-ocean interactions, 100, 114, 219, see also Atmospheric transport; El Niño; 408, 425-426, 528 General circulation models; La carbon dioxide exchange, 20, 21, 36, 173, Niña; North Atlantic Oscillation; 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, North Pacific Oscillation 501-502 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 96-97, 451 136, 137, 141, 143, 148-149, 155, Atmospheric moisture, 9, 202, 222-224, 449, 156-159, 173, 181, 182-183, 396; 457, 467, 524, 528 see also "paleoclimatology" infra decadal to centennial climate change, 127, ecosystems, 20, 21, 36, 51 128, 164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388 179-180, 183, 395 models, 14, 89, 99, 100, 101, 112, 114, 115, large-scale ecosystems, 29, 61, 68 148, 154, 156, 266-267, 268, 383, seasonal to interannual climate change, 97, 387, 399, 453, 454, 456, 457, 473- 104, 108, 113, 115, 387, 388 487, 490-493, 500-502 see also Aerosols; Clouds and cloud cover; paleoclimatology, 240, 251, 266 Evaporation; Greenhouse gases; sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388 Humidity; Precipitation; see also El Niño; La Niña; Sea surface Transpiration/evapotranspiration temperature Atmospheric pressure, 102, 108, 136, 141, 395 Atmospheric boundary layers, 29, 107, 115- see also Sea level pressure 116, 152, 155, 168, 174-175, 183, Atmospheric temperature, 5, 15, 378, 379 200, 201, 221, 400, 519 decadal to centennial climate change, 127, Atmospheric chemistry, xi, xii, 8, 170-176, 128, 131, 132, 170, 171, 174, 179, 191-236, 277, 353-354, 399-410, 258, 395 453, 464, 487-495, 498, 502-503, ecosystems, 21, 23, 25-26, 29 519-520, 524 ozone layer, 200 case studies, 193 paleoclimatology, 131, 132, 241, 243, 244, data management, 193-194, 206-207, 220 248, 250, 251, 254-255, 257, 264 decadal to centennial climate change, 129, 268 170-176
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, 471, 480-483, 171-173, 180-181 499, 518 large-scale ecosystems, 23, 31, 32, 43, 44, human dimension, general, 294-296, 304 48, 49-51, 57-60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 385 land use/cover, 294-296, 304 paleoclimatology, 241, 254, 256, 257, 260, large-scale ecosystem models, 20, 23, 25, 264 30, 31, 37-41, 42, 43, 53, 68, 71, 72 time series data, 446-447 see also Atmospheric chemistry; Carbon see also Carbon cycle; Fossil fuel cycle; Hydrological cycles; Nitrogen emissions; Greenhouse gases and nitrogen cycle Case studies, 471 Biogeography, 26, 38, 39, 41, 71 atmospheric chemistry, 193, 211 Biological Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle carbon cycle, 34-41 Core Project, 23 decadal to centennial climate change, 130Biomass, 388, 405, 457-458, 460 140 burning, 20, 30, 44, 53, 69, 164, 173, 175, human dimension, 294, 298-302, 306, 319, 224, 225, 229, 340, 381, 403, 404, 342, 344, 348, 350, 353 407, 408, 491, 496 observation systems, general, 377, 414, carbon storage, 170 421-424 miscalculations, 305 paleoclimatology, 240-268, 274 phytoplankton, 51 seasonal to interannual variation, 89-98 trace gases, 272 Ceará's Foundation for Meteorology and Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study, 26, 28 Hydrological Resources, see Boundary layers, see Atmospheric boundary Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia layers; Sea surface temperature; e Recursos Hídricos Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions; Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, Terrestrial-ocean interactions and Environmental Change, 306 Brazil, 95-96, 145 Chlorofluorocarbons, 170, 201, 202, 401, 412, Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 449, 485-486, 487, 501, 552 306, 314 see also Ozone layer depletion Climate change, general, 20, 44, 378, 425 biodiversity, 31, 46, 302 carbon and carbon cycle, 34, 43, 44; see also Greenhouse gases
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, 51, 52, 57, atmospheric chemistry, research platforms, 59-60, 70, 71 207 multiple stresses and, 33, 44, 45, 46, 68, disasters, 298-299, 301-302 380, 461, 533 energy, 309 oceanic processes, 20 EOS data management, 443, 546 regional, 45, 301, 312-313, 314 mitigation strategies, 299, 302-303, 320, time series measurements, 48, 57-60 325, 346, 521 vegetation and soils, 21, 38-42, 57, 59 natural resource valuation, 321 see also Decadal to centennial climate regulations, 320 change; El Niño; Greenhouse gases; sea level changes, 298-299 La Niña; Models and modeling; space-based observations, 13, 31, 528 Paleoclimatology; Sea level change; technology, environmentally benign, 342 Seasonal to interannual climate see also Funding change; Solar radiation; specific Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, 451 atmospheric/climatologic categories Cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410 (e.g., "Clouds and cloud cover") ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, Climate Mapping, Analysis, and Prediction 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, Group, 239, 241 273, 274, 275, 314, 410 Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System, see also Arctic systems; Antarctica; 477 Glaciers and glacial/interglacial Clouds and cloud cover, 28, 29, 69, 406, 407, cycles 476-478, 492, 500-501, 502-503 case studies, 422-423 decadal to centennial climate change, 127, D 128, 162, 167-168, 171, 177, 179 Data management, 1, 2, 9-10, 11-12, 428, 435 180, 183, 395, 396 models, 449 444, 555, 558-559 atmospheric chemistry, 193-194, 206-207, satellite interference, 28 220 seasonal to interannual climate change, 113, 387, 388 decadal to centennial climate change, 154, 155 Club of Rome, 448 ENSO, 14 Coastal ecosystems, 45, 265, 380, 466-467, 500 human impacts, 307-308, 313 EOS, 435-444, 537-546 funding, 356, 437, 440, 443 nutrient transport, 23, 32, 45, 466 human factors research, 295, 298, 335-337 regional factors, 467, 500 Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 380 confidentiality issues, 295, 351, 356 357, 412, 415-416 Common-pool natural resources, 305, 308, 317, institutional factors, 438-442, 537-543 319-320 international comparability, 413-414, 555
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, 179, 181, 182, deep ocean processes, 157, 161, 166, 167, 183, 397, 398, 399 168, 171, 173, 177 sea level change, 153, 159, 161, 162, 166, drought, 167, 168, 169-170 182, 397 El Niño, 100, 101, 140-141, 145-146, 147, sea surface temperature, 133, 141, 144-148 148-149, 155, 161-162, 259, 393 (passim) , 151, 155-159 (passim)
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, 501 decadal to centennial climate change, 157, based observation Earth Observing System (EOS) , xii, 4, 6, 13, 161, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177 20, 28, 391, 430, 435-444, 477, 526, paleoclimatology, 243-244, 265, 266-267 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, 430 527-528, 537-547 NOAA, use of, xii, 12, 14-15, 526, 527-528 Dendrochronology, see Tree rings Earth orbital cycles, 240, 241, 248, 262, 270, Department of Agriculture, 335, 413 Department of Defense, xii, 13, 430 277 Earth System Science Pathfinders, xii, 13, 430 NPOESS, 15, 391, 430, 525 Econometric models, 342, 448 see also Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory; Defense Economic factors, 93, 130, 298, 302, 329-330, 333-334, 336, 454, 520-521 Meteorological Satellite Program; carbon system, 85 Office of Biological and Environmental Research; Office of consumption patterns, 294, 296, 297, 309 310, 313, 327, 328, 329, 333-334, Naval Research 338-341 Department of Energy, 2, 12, 472 Department of Health and Human Services, 413 developing countries, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341 Department of the Interior, 335 data links, 295 see also Geological Survey Developing countries, 356, 413, 561 drought, 95 greenhouse gases, 303 carbon emission offsets, 320 integrated assessments, 323, 324, 325, 355 consumption patterns, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341 market forces, 320, 329-330, 448 models, economic linked to climatic, 299, crop modeling, 312 311, 325, 334, 344 energy use, 340
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, 51, 52, 57, toxics, 43, 45, 47, 53 59-60, 70, 71 trace gases, 20, 21, 23, 30, 43, 44, 51, 52, coupled modes, 20, 52, 70, 71, 72, 264, 453 53, 56, 70 drought, 32, 55, 59, 60 USGCRP program, 2, 3, 24, 28, 30, 44, 64, energy balances and exchanges, 41, 43, 69, 65, 67-68 71, 72 vegetation, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, evaporation, 21, 27, 88 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72 experimental studies, 19-20, 22-28 see also Acid deposition; Biodiversity; (passim) , 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, Biogeochemistry; Carbon cycle; 44, 46, 47, 48 Coastal ecosystems; Marine forests, 19, 20, 24, 26-27, 30, 31, 38, 41, 73 ecosystems; Terrestrial ecosystems general circulation models, 38-39 Education and training, 64 human factors, 9, 19, 28-32, 33-34, 44, 46, ecologists, 64-65 48-49, 53, 73, 294-295, 354 ENSO observations, 14 interdisciplinary research, 19, 24, 28, 34-35, El Niño, xi, 11, 67, 89-90, 109-111, 112-114, 37, 46-47, 53, 62, 64-67, 71 118-119, 313, 315-316, 476 land use/cover, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, cryosphere, 160 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306 decadal to centennial climate change, 100, modeling, 37-42, 263-264, 334, 448, 450- 101, 140-141, 145-146, 147, 148 451 149, 155, 161-162, 259, 393 net ecosystem exchange, 15, 60 monsoons, 91-94, 95, 101-103, 115, 161 net primary productivity, 37-38, 39, 51, 56, 162 69, 381, 461-462 observation systems, 14, 112-114, 383, 387, nitrogen cycle, 20, 25, 26, 33-34, 37, 39, 426 43, 44, 49, 59, 62, 68, 71, 457 paleoclimatology, 254, 255, 257, 269, 271 observation systems, 20, 23-26 (passim)
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, 461, 462 EOS Data and Information System, 435, 438- large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 24, 441, 537-541 26-27, 30, 31, 38, 41, 73 Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology model, 263, paleoclimatology, 256, 263 264 Fossil fuel emissions, 2, 4-5, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather 36, 137, 171, 173, 296, 297, 308 Forecasting, 98 312, 339, 463-464, 491 European Organization for the Exploitation of Framework Convention on Climate Change, 34 Meteorological Satellites, 15, 430 Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Evaporation, 267, 457, 462, 463, 477, 486, 496, Hídricos, 95-96 501 Funding, 14, 64, 66 decadal to centennial climate change, 157, data management, 356, 437, 440, 443 164-165, 166, 167, 169, 183, 399 Global Change Research Act, 557 large-scale ecosystems, 21, 27, 88 human factors research, 317, 318, 335, 336, seasonal to interannual climate change, 95, 413 104, 108, 115-116, 388 international efforts, 317, 318, 560 Evapotranspiration, see Transpiration/ joint agency budgets, 4, 12 evapotranspiration NASA, 13, 335 Experimental studies NSF, 14, 335, 354 atmospheric chemistry, 229-230, 402, 406 USGCRP, xi, 1-2, 13, 335, 354, 377, 429, ecosystems, 19-20, 22-28 (passim) , 32, 33, 527 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48 institutional factors, 348 G F General circulation models, 449, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 462, 464, 473, 474-487, Federal government, 428 489-496, 498, 501, 502 data management, 437-442 decadal to centennial climate change, 163, Global Change Research Act, text, 551-561 166
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, 15, 239, 293-375, 411Greenhouse gases, x-xi, 43, 137-140, 192, 201 203, 209, 215-223, 239, 402, 519, 416, 520-521, 523, 552 attitudes, 327-328, 340, 442, 521 522, 561 biological invasion, 31 biomass burning, 20, 30, 44, 53, 69, 164, 173, 175, 224, 225, 229, 340, 381, case studies, 294, 298-302 coastal ecosystems, 307-308, 313 403, 404, 407, 408, 491, 496 data management, 295, 298, 335-337 crop production models, 312, 314, 334
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, sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161 329, 330, 331, 334, 340-345 (passim) , 354, 357, 496 see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles see also Agriculture; Air pollution; Ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, Decision making; Economic factors; Energy resource consumption and 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410 conservation; Greenhouse gases; Individual behavior, 328-329, 333, 336, 352, Institutional factors; Land use; 497, 521
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, 436, 437, 540 research IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on see also Property rights Biodiversity, 46, 55, 521 Interdisciplinary research, general, 3, 110, 305, 354-355, 521, 542-543, 552 decadal to centennial climate change, 150 J integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355 large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 24, 28, Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 23, 480, 486, 487, 501 34-35, 37, 46-47, 53, 62, 64-67, 71 remote sensing, 53 seasonal to interannual climate change, 87 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, K 38-39, 73, 137, 150, 166, 266, 268, Kyoto conference, ix, x 298-299, 311, 336, 342, 343, 462, 476, 479, 483, 499 Intermediate Model for Global and Annual L Evolution of Species, 491-492 International cooperation, general, 5-6, 7, 16, Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction Study, 27 347, 435, 526 LANDSAT, 28 atmospheric conditions, 50, 191, 193 La Niña, 91, 115 carbon cycle as basis, 34, 523 Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere DOD, xii Experiment, 27, 54, 117, 471 El Niño, 87 Land cover, 164, 294-295, 381, 386, 411, 497, fisheries, 308 518 funding, 317, 318, 560 defined, 304 Global Change Research Act, 555-556, human impacts, 294-297, 304-307, 348-351 559-561 large-scale ecosystems, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, global economies, 329-330 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, human factors research, 317-318, 320, 329- 306 330, 336, 348, 355 regional factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350 see also specific international organizations see also Agriculture; Forests; Vegetation and programs Land surface, 410, 518 International Council of Scientific Unions/ cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410
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586 INDEX decadal to centennial climate change, 162- decadal to centennial climate change, 128 164, 183, 398-399 129, 149-150, 178, 393, 519 global observation systems, 379 human factors, 336 large-scale ecosystem models, 20, 26-28, ozone layer depletion, 210-211 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, see also Time series observations 294-295, 306 models, 338, 449 satellite observations, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, M 305-306, 381, 390, 391 Mackenzie River basin, 313 seasonal to interannual climate change, 384, 388, 519 Marine boundary layer, see Terrestrial-ocean interactions skin temperature, 121, 391 Marine ecosystems, 23, 24-25, 33, 43, 55, 71, topographic factors, 38, 106, 117, 404, 464, 469, 471, 472 381 carbon cycle, 21, 478 see also Cryosphere; Drought; Floods; Ice; fisheries, 19, 49, 55, 89, 141, 302, 307-308, River systems; Runoff; Snow; Soils; Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions; 320, 429 human impacts, 307-308 Terrestrial-ocean interactions; models, 448 Vegetation Land use, xi, 294-295, 304-307, 348-351, 381, phytoplankton, 33, 51, 55, 68, 173, 265, 386 464, 496, 528 see also Coastal ecosystems carbon cycle, 5, 34, 162-163, 496 decadal to centennial climate change, 163, Medieval Warm Period, 132-133, 254, 255, 269 Methane, 192, 199, 201, 202, 203, 211, 217, 164 243, 244, 251, 296, 303, 400, 402, defined, 304 institutional factors, 305, 306, 307, 308 403, 412, 449, 452, 464, 487, 491, 522 large-scale ecosystem modeling, 28, 30-31, 34, 43-44, 45, 46, 49, 68, 69 decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 162-163, 164, 170, 171, 173-174, regional factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350 175, 181, 396 satellite observations, 30-31, 69, 305-306, 350, 351, 381 large-scale ecosystems, 21, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 73 see also Agriculture paleoclimatology, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254, Legislation, 551-561 LIDAR, 69, 229 270 see also Greenhouse gases Little Ice Age, 132-133, 177, 252, 254-255, Migration, humans, 38, 95, 294, 297, 301, 305, 257, 269, 270, 314 Local factors, 414 315, 316, 317, 330, 331, 332, 334, 338, 349-351 carbon storage, 172 Mission to Planet Earth, 6, 67, 435 institutional factors, 318-320, 347, 348 land surface factors and climate, 96 Mississippi River, 20, 96-98 Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas study, 313 property rights, 294, 297, 306, 319, 320, Meteorological Operational Satellite, 15 345, 347, 348, 354, 443 seasonal to interannual climate change, Models and modeling, 9-10, 424, 445-516, 520, 531-533 downscaling, 88, 96-98, 106-107, aerosols, 230-231, 406-407 112, 117-118, 344, 519 vulnerability, 344 atmosphere, 96, 204, 221, 230, 448, 450 452, 462 see also Land use terrestrial-atmosphere, 97, 105, 106, Long-Term Ecological Research Program, 23, 67 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498 500 Long-term observations, 47-48, 56-61, 61-63, 67, 336, 426-430
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, 154, 155-156, 147, 251, 253, 254, 387, 518 159, 163, 166, 169, 170, 177-178, Montreal Protocol, 7, 11, 12, 191 180, 183, 184, 393, 396, 398, 446, Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer, 28 449 econometric, 342, 448 economic linked to climatic, 299, 311, 325, N 334, 344 National Aeronautics and Space energy use, 340, 342 Administration, 3, 67, 183, 306, greenhouse gas effects, 5, 24, 219, 220-221, 256, 267, 299, 311, 312-313, 454, 336, 382, 411, 428, 530 Earth System Science Pathfinders, xii, 13 455, 458, 463-464, 476, 477-483, 487, 489 EOS, xii, 4, 6, 13, 20, 28, 391, 430, 435 444, 477, 526, 527-528, 537-547 households, 329, 332 ESSC, 4 human factors, 299, 304, 305, 313, 314, 329, 332, 333, 336, 340, 344, 355, funding, 13, 335 Mission to Planet Earth, 6, 67, 435 446, 448, 453-455, 495-497, 499, ozone layer depletion, 7, 191, 194, 195-198 503 integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 491-493 inverse modeling, 24, 65 National Center for Environmental Decision land surface factors, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 51 52, 68, 96-98, 104-105, 114, 304, Making Research, 323 National Center for Environmental Prediction, 305 120, 467 large-scale ecosystems, 37-42, 263-264, 334, 448, 450-451 National Climate Program, 2, 558 National Climatic Data Center, 120, 390, 391 mitigation, 311 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and nesting, 106, 114, 304, 408, 459-460 ozone layer depletion, 6, 191-192, 488 Information Service, 120-121 National Institute of Child Health and Human paleoclimatology, 238, 263-264, 266-267, Development, 306, 335 268, 276 seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, National Institutes of Health, 335, 413 National Oceanic and Atmospheric 96-97, 99, 100, 104-107, 109, 114, Administration, 4, 94, 120-121, 335, 115, 117-118, 344, 383, 387 soil moisture factors, 52, 88, 96-97, 122- 380, 424, 430, 527-528, 530 AVHRR, 28, 94, 380 123, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, carbon cycle, 12 498 EOS, use of, xii, 12, 14-15, 526, 527-528
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, 56-61, 64, 68-69, Nitrogen and nitrogen cycle, 6, 380, 385, 460, 71, 380-381 461, 464, 488-489, 491, 496, 518 ocean processes, 20, 88, 94, 98, 99, 159, decadal to centennial trends, 133, 164, 170, 173, 378, 380, 388, 394, 397, 410, 171, 174, 181, 396 429 fertilizers, agricultural, 33, 34, 174, 296, GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 412 388 large-scale ecosystems, 20, 25, 26, 33-34, ozone layer depletion, 6-7, 191-192, 193, 37, 39, 43, 44, 49, 59, 62, 68, 71, 195, 197, 399-402 457 paleoclimatology, 238, 254, 263, 264, 267, ozone layer depletion, 197-199, 211-213 269, 273, 275, 276, 410-411; see photochemical oxidants, 203, 204, 225-226 also Ice cores; Tree rings Nitrous oxide, 43, 44, 51, 52, 73, 164, 192, photochemical oxidants, 204-205, 224-227, 201, 202, 203, 213-218 (passim) , 403-406 310, 400, 449, 464 photometry, 27 North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 94, 98, 99, 105, 118, 119-123, 383 257, 302 392 North Pacific Index, 143, 145 spectroscopy, 28, 240, 241, 382, 407, 477 North Pacific Oscillation, 145, 147, 157 see also Confidentiality of data; Data Nutrients and nutrient cycling, 20, 23, 32, 33, management; Ground- and sea 43, 44, 52, 163, 192, 205, 209, 231- based observation; Long-term 232, 385, 457-458, 462, 465, 481- observations; Remote sensing; 482 Satellite technology; Time series coastal ecosystems, 23, 32, 45, 466 observations; specific observational see also specific nutrients systems (e.g., Earth Observing System)
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INDEX 589 decadal to centennial climate change, 139, North Pacific Index, 138, 143, 145 159, 182, 397 North Pacific Oscillation, 145, 147, 157 large-scale ecosystem studies, 33, 47, 51, see also El Niño; La Niña 68 Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project, see also Phytoplankton 451 Ocean processes, general, 28, 66, 68, 177 Paleoclimatology, 8, 127, 128, 129, 131-133, carbon storage, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 149, 163, 176, 178, 237-291, 393, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502 410-411, 519, 520, 556 global observation systems, 378, 380, 388, aerosols, 254, 255 394, 397, 410, 429 Antarctica, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270 GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, atmosphere-ocean interactions, 240, 251, 388 266 sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, atmospheric circulation, 251, 271, 276, 277 169, 182-183, 244, 250, 257, 388 atmospheric temperature, 131, 132, 241, topographic factors, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501 243, 244, 248, 250, 251, 254-255, see also Atmosphere-ocean interactions; 257, 264-268 Deep ocean processes; Marine carbon dioxide, 241, 254, 256, 257, 260, ecosystems; Salinity; Sea level 264 change; Sea surface temperature; case studies, 240-268, 274 Terrestrial-ocean interactions data management, 269, 275 Ocean Topography Experiment, 11, 430, 480, deep ocean, 243-244, 265, 266-267 487, 501 drought, 167, 254, 257 Office of Management and Budget, xii, 4, 12 El Niño, 254, 255, 257, 269, 271 Office of Science and Technology Policy, xii energy balances and exchanges, 263, 266 Ozone layer depletion, xi, 2, 44, 67, 192, 193, floods, 254, 255 194-201, 205, 206-207, 209, 210- general circulation models, 257, 263, 266, 215, 217, 221-222, 316, 399-402, 267 487-488, 502, 519, 552, 561 greenhouse gases, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254 Antarctic ozone hole, 6-7, 191, 194-195, 257 (passim) , 260, 264-265, 270, 201, 206, 227, 488 271, 275, 277 decadal to centennial trends, 171, 174-175, Holocene, 132, 133, 238, 240, 250-255, 176, 177 268-270 historical perspectives, 6-7, 15, 194, 197, human factors, 133, 250, 270, 271, 273, 206 275, 276, 277, 410, 520 jet aircraft, role in, 6, 175, 195, 196, 199 hydrological cycles, 251, 271 modeling, 6, 191-192, 488 methane, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254, 270 Montreal Protocol, 7, 11, 12, 191 models, 238, 263-264, 266-267, 268, 276 NASA programs, 7, 191, 194, 195-198 observation systems, 238, 254, 263, 264, social factors, 310 267, 269, 273, 275, 276, 410-411 Ozone, tropospheric, 192, 193, 197, 201-202, time series, 238, 240-264, 276, 411; see 203, 205, 217, 221-222, 400, 403, also Ice cores; Tree rings 404-405, 487-489, 519, 520 regional, 255, 270-271, 411 decadal to centennial trends, 171, 174, 177 salinity, 243 large-scale ecosystems, 33, 34, 49, 68 sea surface temperature, 133, 250 solar radiation, 240, 254, 256, 257, 271 thermohaline circulation, 240, 244, 248, P 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272 Pacific-North American teleconnection, 136, tropical zones, 248, 251, 256, 266 138, 141, 143-145, 148, 151, 157, vegetation, 250, 256-264, 265 165, 168 Pacific Ocean, 33, 113, 135-136, 145, 158
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From page 590... ...
590 INDEX volcanic eruptions, 239, 240, 248, 251, 254, Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface 257, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278 Parameterization Schemes see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial Property rights, 294, 297, 306, 319, 320, 345, cycles; Ice cores; Tree rings 347, 348, 354 Particulate matter, 33, 44, 227, 254, 271, 404 common-pool resources, 305, 308, 317, Photochemical oxidants, 44, 174, 192, 193, 319-320 203-205, 208, 209, 216, 222-223, EOS data, 443 224-227, 399, 403-406, 409, 489, 502, 520 regional factors, 203, 204, 224, 227, 403, R 405-406 Radar, 69, 120, 389 Photometry, 27 Radiometry, 27, 28 Photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461 Rain, 95-96, 113, 118, 144, 145, 165, 166-167, 168, 183, 259 Phytoplankton, 33, 51, 55, 68, 173, 265, 386 see also Drought; Monsoons see also Ocean color A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Real time measurements, El Niño, 88, 89, 90 Regional factors, 472-473, 533 Radiative Forcing and Climate atmospheric chemistry, 33, 49, 203, 204, Change, 228 Polar Circulation Index, 249-250, 252 224, 227, 229, 403, 405-406 climate change consequences, general, 45, Polar platforms, 14-15, 29, 428, 430 301, 312-313, 314 Polar regions, see Arctic systems Pollen, 250 coastal systems, 467, 500 decadal to centennial climate change, 132, Population dynamics, 293, 294-297 (passim) , 140, 141, 147, 155, 158, 165, 166, 303, 306, 307, 330-332, 333, 349 351, 521 168, 180-181 ecosystems, 20, 21, 33, 45, 49, 52-54, 56 consumption vs population growth, 338 decadal to centennial climate change, 130 human dimension, 294, 297, 315-316, 342 344, 496 fertility and mortality, 38, 330-331, 414 land cover/use factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, greenhouse gases, 216, 311 migration, 38, 95, 294, 297, 301, 305, 315, 350 North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 316, 317, 330, 331, 332, 334, 338, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 349-351 rainfall and, 95 168, 257, 302 ocean carbon studies, 20 see also Urban areas paleoclimatology, 255, 270-271, 411 Precipitation, 379, 380, 463 archiving, 120, 389 photochemical oxidants, 203, 204, 224, 227, 403, 405-406 decadal to centennial climate change, 145, rainfall data, regional series, 166, 168 157, 166, 167-168, 183 greenhouse gases, 5 research infrastructure, 336, 427 seasonal to interannual climate change, 96 large-scale ecosystem models, 21 98, 106-107, 114, 302, 315-316 seasonal to interannual trends, 60, 88, 96, 107, 108, 113, 116, 118-119, 120, see also Arctic systems; Local factors; Tropical zones 121, 387, 389 Remote sensing, 168, 276, 451, 499-500 see also Acid deposition; Drought, Monsoons; Rain; Snow aerosols, 229 algorithms, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121, 390, Program for Climate Variability and 391, 427, 436 Predictability, 114, 115, 268 Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Surface land use, 350 large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 27, 46-47, program, 110, 114 49, 51, 52-53, 63, 69 LIDAR, 69, 229
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From page 591... ...
, 179, 181, 182, 183, economic factors, 108-109 397, 398, 399 energy balances and exchanges, 88, 97, 98, paleoclimatology, 243 103-107 (passim) , 112, 114, 115, seasonal to interannual climate change, 113, 117, 122, 387, 392 116, 383, 388 evaporation, 95, 104, 108, 115-116, 388 see also Thermohaline circulation transpiration/evapotranspiration, 104Satellite technology, 9-10, 467, 492, 526-528 105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, algorithms, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121-122, 390, 391 390, 391, 427, 436 floods, 91, 96-98, 101, 107-108, 134-137 atmospheric chemistry, 207, 220, 223, 227, general circulation models, 100, 106-107, 407 114, 117-118 clouds, 477 human factors, 89, 111, 313, 315-316, 342 data management issues, 30, 121, 390, 427, 344, 354 435-444 hydrological cycles, 88, 90-98, 104, 107 archiving, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437 109, 112, 115-119, 384, 387-392, decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 519 168, 179, 182, 273, 525-526 land surface, 384, 388-390, 519 land-surface observations, 26, 27-28, 29, local downscaling, 88, 96-98, 106-107, 112, 69, 305-306, 381, 390, 391 117-118, 344, 519 land use, 30-31, 69, 305-306, 350, 351, 381 models, 88, 96-97, 99, 100, 104-107, 109, large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 114, 115, 117-118, 344, 383, 387 52, 69 observation systems, 88, 94, 98, 99, 105, seasonal to interannual climate change, 110, 118, 119-123, 383-392 113, 121-122 remote sensing, general, 105, 113, 120 snow, 94, 120-121
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From page 592... ...
, 151, 155- decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 159 (passim) , 162, 165, 168, 181, 164, 169, 183 182, 183, 397 large-scale ecosystems, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, monsoons, 95, 101-103 32, 37, 47, 52, 62 paleoclimatology, 133, 250 moisture, 52, 88, 96-98, 101, 104, 116-117, sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158 122-123, 164, 169, 183, 388, 391 seasonal to interannual climate change, 98, 392, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 101-103, 110, 114 498 see also El Niño; La Niña; North Atlantic models, 52, 88, 96-97, 122-123, 457, Oscillation; Thermohaline 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498 circulation seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, Simulated Topographical Network, 467, 468 96-98, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 388, 391-392 Solar radiation, 449, 460, 461, 477, 502-503
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From page 593... ...
, 436, 437, 540 see also Ice cores; Tree rings Television and Infrared Observation Satellite, see also Long-term observations 430 TOPEX, see Ocean Topography Experiment Temperature factors, see Atmospheric temperature; Greenhouse gases; Sea
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From page 594... ...
see also Biogeochemical cycles atmospheric chemistry component, 191, 337 Tree rings, 167, 169, 170, 250, 254, 257, 275, 276, 410 decadal to centennial climate change, 129 ecosystems, 2, 3, 24, 28, 30, 44, 64, 65, 67Tropical Atmospheric-Ocean array, 90, 99, 110, 68 113, 114, 148, 387 Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere EOS data management model, 442 funding, xi, 1-2, 13, 335, 354, 377, 429, 527 program, 10, 66, 67, 87, 90, 101, historical overview, 1-6, 298 109-110, 115, 425
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From page 595... ...
, 329, 330, 331, 334, 340 345 (passim) , 354, 357, 496 Vegetation, 123, 528 archiving, 123, 392 canopy measures, 26, 39, 51, 61, 62-63 W decadal to centennial climate change, 152, 162-164, 166, 169, 170, 183, 398- Water cycles, see Hydrological cycles 399 Water vapor, see Atmospheric moisture Holocene, 250 Wetlands, 32, 178, 466, 469 large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 21, Wind, 99, 113, 121, 136, 159, 182, 259, 166, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51- 388, 390-391, 395, 397, 460, 467 52, 57, 61-63, 72 World Climate Conferences, 2, 5 modeling, other, 263-264, 268, 448, 452, World Climate Research Programme, 2, 3, 117, 454, 457-464, 469, 498-499 263, 268, 394, 425 paleoclimatology, 250, 256-264, 265 World Fertility Survey, 331, 414 photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, World Meteorological Organization, 5, 6, 191, 458, 459, 460, 461 389 pollen, 250 World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 457, precipitation, 88 480, 484, 486, 487, 501 satellite observations, 51, 221; see also World Wide Web, see Internet "canopy measures" supra seasonal to interannual climate change, 104 105, 116, 123, 381, 386, 388, 392 Y successional dynamics, 25, 41, 57, 232, 305, 448, 452, 458, 460, 463, 499 Younger Dryas, 132, 242-243, 252
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Key Terms
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