Starting Out Right A Guide to Promoting Children's Reading Success (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Preventing Reading Difficulties
Preventing Reading Difficulties
Pages 127-146
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From page 127... ...
In tutoring sessions, special education classes, free book programs, family literacy projects, and remedial instruction, there are educators, paraprofessionals and volunteers who are Irvine to held struggling children to catch up. Provided that they are designed to help children learn what they need to learn, programs with vastly different approaches show positive results.
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From page 128... ...
Mending an early language link is not by itself likely to have any effect on word reading if other connections in the net are frayed. Because reading is such a complex activity, children need an environment offering rich support and varied learning opportunities for every successive stage of their literacy development.
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From page 129... ...
Teachers encourage children to compare selections in the units, in search of connections and overlapping themes. During guided reading sessions,they help children work on strategies, such as predicting, summing up, using context clues to understand words, making inferences, and articulating their personal responses.
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From page 130... ...
Despite various controversies, considerable evidence suggests that limited or non-English-speaking language learners are generally more likely to become betters readers of English when they receive initial instruction in their native language. Spoken language must come before written language; it is extremely hard to read a language that skill is incomprehensible to the ear.
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From page 131... ...
al told my teachers that those 90 minutes of reading class was sacred time.N Allen claims that teacher training produces the greatest impact. NRather than having a couple of reading specialists workwith the bottom quartile of students,all the teachers on campus are now master reading teachers working with 100 percent of the students.N The cost?
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From page 132... ...
In general, non-English speakers in the United States are highly motivated to learn English, but they still require an adequate amount of time and exposure to well-structured input from native speakers to do so. ,~Parents need to understand that we are living in a society in which learning English andfostering the native language both are very important.
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From page 133... ...
However, these kinds of confusions in phonemic awareness and reading instruction can largely be avoided by making teachers more aware of dialect differences. A teacher who is sufficiently knowledgeable and sensitive about dialect win prepare materials and lessons that are consistent with the phonology, syntax, and vocabulary of the children/s dialect.
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From page 134... ...
Experiences that come with having been talked to and read to.,, Emelie Parker First grade teacher Baileyrs Elementary School Fairfax County, Virginia Health Care Professionals and Reading Because of their regular contact with children during early childhood, pediatricians, and other health care and human service professionals have a responsibility to screen children for risk factors that could lead to reading difficulties. As early in the child/e life as possible, health care professionals should identify problems, such as mental retardation, hearing impairment, early language impairment, and delays in expressive and receptive language milestones, as wed as family histories of reading problems that could be passed on to children.
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From page 135... ...
· Encourage parents to play with language with their children, for example, reciting rhymes and singing songs. · Encourage parents to make books, papers, and writing materials available and suggest that children should use reading and writing activities in daily play.
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From page 136... ...
But severe cognitive deficits are usually associated with very low, if any, reading achievement. Hearing impairment It has been well documented that children with hearing impairments are at risk of future reading difficulties.
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From page 137... ...
language materials this is effective early intervention and prevention.,, Jo Dennis Director, therapeutic day care Children is Institute International Los Angeles, California Most studies that examine the quality of preschools use broad-gauged tools that include language and literacy as only one small portion of the assessment. Such studies have found that it is precisely on measures of the language environment that preschool programs serving poor children scored in the inadequate range.
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From page 138... ...
Daily activities for babies focused on cognitive and fine motor skills, social and self-help skills, language skills, and gross motor skills. By the time children reached preschool level, the child-adult ratio gradually increased to one adult for every six children.
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From page 139... ...
Research on family literacy programs suggests that they have small but positive effects on school readiness, including small positive improvements in the reading materials available in children/s homes, as well as improved parent expectations for their children/s academic success. Summary It is important to note that, for children at risk of reading difficulties, highquality experiences during preschool years cannot be seen as a way to prevent all reading difficulties.
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From page 140... ...
In order to be effective, tutoring sessions should be integrated with what the child is learning and doing in class. The Need for Reading Specialists Schools that lack or have abandoned reading specialist positions must reexamine their needs for specialists and provide the functional equivalent of such well-trained staff members.
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From page 141... ...
When you have five minutes of time, you can pick up a book, magazine, or whatever and read.,, Marilyn Hosea National Head Startiellow and Head Start administrator Pasadena, California Early Intervention in lading NWe watch how they go about reading and writing, and where they need help,Nsays Joetta Beaver, a reading teacher/leader in Arlington County Schools, Ohio. NYou start with their strengths and then you move on to what they need to learn next.N One early intervention is for young readers who are having problems during their first year of reading instruction.
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From page 142... ...
Good volunteer programs must include comprehensive screening procedures for selecting volunteers, professional training of tutors, and excellent supervision of their ongoing work with children. Volunteers are particularly helpful when they spend their time reading to children, giving children supported practice in oral reading, and allowing opportunities for enriching conversation.
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From page 143... ...
The program also includes a bookmobile a library on wheels,which visits low-income communities and day care centers, encouraging children and adults to borrow books on a regular basis.
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From page 144... ...
Word study is a unique aspect of the program and gives children practice with letter formation, sound segments within words, letter-sound correspondences, spelling patterns, and meanings. A quasi-experimental research design found significant improvements in alphabet recognition, speech to print abilities, phonemic awareness, word recognition, and reading accuracy of a first grade text.
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From page 145... ...
Vista Elementary School Modesto, California
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