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Pages 1-16

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From page 1...
... for estimating folate requirements, recommending daily folate intake, and assessing intake. This adjusts for the greater degree of absorption of folic acid (free form)
From page 2...
... are reference values that are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. They include RDAs but also three other types of reference values (see Box S-1~.
From page 3...
... is the average ciaily clietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy inclivicluals in a particular life stage (life stage considers age and, when applicable, pregnancy or lactation)
From page 5...
... To11erab11e Upper Intake I~eve11s The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of ciaily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all inclivicluals in the general population.
From page 6...
... Life stage and gender were consiclereci to the extent possible, but for some nutrients the ciata clici not provide a basis for proposing different requirements for men and women or for adults in different age groups. Three of the categories of reference values (Estimated Average Requirement FEARS, Recommended Dietary Allowance tRDA]
From page 7...
... ) are clefineci by specific criteria of nutrient acloquacy; the fourth (Tolerable Upper Intake Level tUL1)
From page 8...
... a Dietary folate equivalents for the EAR but not for reported dietary intakes. Reported intakes are likely to underestimate true intakes because of limitations of the methods used to analyze the folate content of food (see Chapter 8)
From page 9...
... .34 9.70-26.60 0.76-2.35 105-383 1.49-11.63 18.78 1.53 252 4.74 ! .71 12.74-30.30 0.92-2.76 152-474 4.37-5.99 foods and supplements: 1 dietary folate equivalent = 1 fig food folate = 0.6 fig of folate from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 fig of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
From page 10...
... and there is laboratory evidence of sufficiency, but there is no observable health benefit beyond the prevention of signs and symptoms of deficiency. However, a special recommendation is inclucleci to aciciress reduction of the risk of neural tube defects.
From page 11...
... The AI is baseci on ciata on pantothenic acid intake sufficient to replace urinary excretion.
From page 12...
... Neither is it known definitively how vitamin BE status above that usually presumeci to be acloquate relates to psychiatric disturbances. CRITERIA AND PROPOSED VALUES FOR TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS A risk assessment model is used to derive the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
From page 13...
... or Acloquate Intake TABLE S-2 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULsa) , by Life Stage Group Niacinb Vitamin B6 Folateb Choline Life Stage Group (mg/d)
From page 14...
... Therefore, when data are extremely limited, extra caution may be warranted. USING DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TO ASSESS THE NUTRIENT INTAKE OF GROUPS For statistical reasons that will be addressed in a future report, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
From page 15...
... It is recognized, however, that the low energy intakes reported in recent national surveys may mean that it would be unusual to see changes in food habits to the extent necessary to maintain intakes by all individuals at levels recommended in this report. Eating fortified food products represents one method by which individuals can increase or maintain intakes without major changes in food habits.
From page 16...
... · Studies to develop economical, sensitive, and specific methods to assess the prevalence, causes, and consequences of vitamin BE malabsorption and deficiency and to prevent and treat these conclitions. · Investigation of how folate and related nutrients influence normal cellular differentiation and development, including embryogenesis and neoplastic transformation.


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