Protecting Youth at Work Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States (1998) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Scope and Patterns of Work by Children and Adolescents
2 Scope and Patterns of Work by Children and Adolescents
Pages 31-52
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From page 31... ...
2Based on committee analysis of data from the 1996 Current Population Survey March Supplement. This is a conservative estimate because it does not take into account the fact that the individuals surveyed were younger during the previous year.
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The first and fifth interviews are face-to-face interviews; the other interviews may be conducted by telephone. Labor-force information that includes employment status and hours worked during the previous week is collected in the Basic Monthly Survey for each household member aged 15 or older.
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From page 33... ...
The Department of Labor's definition of the labor force automatically excludes people under the age of 16. The CPS data exclude those under the age of 15 youngsters who, under child labor laws, are allowed to work as news carriers, on family farms, in other family businesses, and in certain other jobs.
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From page 34... ...
Disabled youngsters are not identified in the CPS, so no estimates are available for them. National Longitudinal and Other Surveys A number of national longitudinal surveys, such as the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the National Educational Longitudinal Survey, and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, collect information on young people, including their employment experience (see Table 2-!
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From page 35... ...
Such employment may begin early. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that 30.6 percent of 12-year-olds worked during the school year, as did 36.9 percent of 13-year-olds, 35.4 percent of 14-year-olds, and 44.2 percent of 15-year-ofUs (Kruse,1997~.
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1994-95 Panel Survey of 16+ 16+ Yes Weeks worked Income Dynamics (PSID ~ Monitoring the Child 12th graders; Yes Work during Future 8th and 10th school year graders added in 1991 National Child 14-21 in Yes Work for pay, Longitudinal 1979; annual in own Survey of Youth follow-up business, or (NLYS) , 1979 more than 15 hours without pay in family business Monthly Current Population Survey ~ CPS Adult 16+ Yes Work for pay, in own business or more than 15 hours without pay in family business in week of survey
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From page 37... ...
No/No per week summer Paid Hours worked Paid and unpaid Hours worked per week Paid; unpaid Hours worked Start and stop Yes/No only if more per week dates of than 15 hours employment per week in family business Paid; unpaid Hours worked May be Yes/Yes only if more per week determined by than 15 hours month of survey per week in family business
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From page 38... ...
Some studies include only paid work, and others also include unpaid work. Some studies include informal work, such as babysitting or lawn-mowing, but others do not.
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From page 39... ...
INTENSITY OF WORK Not surprisingly, both the percentage of youngsters employed and the hours of employment apparently increase with age. In 1988, according to an analysis of CPS data, 28 percent of all 15-year-olds and 51 percent of all 16- and 17-year-olds held jobs; 15-year-olds with jobs worked an average of 17 hours a week and 19 weeks a year; working 16- and 17-year-olds averaged 21 hours a week and 23 weeks a year at work (U.S.
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Since the monthly survey asks only about work in the previous week and the March supplement asks for average hours worked in the previous year, the annual and monthly figures are not necessarily comparable.
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SOURCE: Data from 1995 Current Population Survey and census population estimates.
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Special tabulations prepared by Jo Jones, Carolina Population Center, for National Research Council, 1998 Monitoring the Future National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLYS) , 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ("Add Health")
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SCOPE AND PATTERNS OF WORK BY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 43 Findings How Many Work Amount of Work 74.9% of males for pay 6.3% of males unpaid 72.7% of females for pay 6.7% of females unpaid 80 % of males 73% of females 43.3% of males 37.7% of females 37% of males for pay 45% of females for pay 40% of 7th graders 45% of 8th graders 53.5% of working males < 20hrs/wk 46.5% of working males >20 hrs/wk 61.6% of working females < 20 hrs/wk 38.4% of working females >20 hrs/wk Males averaged 12.8 hrs/wk Females averaged 11.1 hrs/wk 17.9% worked 20 hrs/wk or more during the school year Males averaged 17.5 hrs/wk Females averaged 15.0 hrs/wk 20% of males < 10 hrs/wk 17% of males 210 hrs/wk 27% of females < 10 hrs/wk 18% of females 2 10 hrs/wk 2.6% of 7th graders work 20 or more hrs/wk 4.2% of 8th graders work 20 or more hrs/wk
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From page 44... ...
44 PROTECTING YOUTH AT WORK TABLE 2-4 Findings on the Extent to Which Work and School are Combined NLS Measure of Study Cohort Sample D'Amico (1984,1986) Y. Grades 9-12 D'Amico and Baker 1979-1982 during school year 1984)
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From page 45... ...
48% work in high school, 63% in college; 24% average at least 20 hours per week. 48% of white males hold jobs, work 60% of last year of school, on average; college students work more than others.
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From page 46... ...
. SOURCE: Data from 1996 Current Population Survey March Supplement.
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From page 47... ...
. SOURCE: Data from 1996 Current Population Survey March Supplement.
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From page 48... ...
estimated that nearly 3 percent of working 15- to 17-year-olds were employed in violation of child labor laws: One-third of those were working more hours per week than allowed by law, and two-thirds were working in prohibited hazardous occupations. More than 12 percent of 15-year-ofUs in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were found to be working more than the legally allowed ~ 8 hours per week during the school year (Kruse, 1997~.
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From page 49... ...
However, the detailed analysis found that the racial and ethnic distinctions resulted largely from group differences in family socioeconomic characteristics. Adolescents from poorer families living in economically disadvantaged locales were less likely to have 9This program was replaced by the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program in fall 1997.
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From page 50... ...
Slightly more than half (51.2 percent) of disabled school-age children have specific learning disabilities, 21.8 percent have speech or language impairments, 10.9 percent are mentally retarded, and 8.7 percent have serious emotion disturbances; the remaining 7.5 percent suffer have disorders or conditions, such as autism, deafness, blindness, hearing impairments, multiple disabilities, orthopedic impairments, other health impairments, traumatic brain injuries, or visual impairments (U.S.
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From page 51... ...
To measure their attitudes toward and knowIedge of work, the subjects took a Career Maturity Inventory, which has been normed at each age group with adolescents who have no disabilities. The adolescents with chronic illnesses and physical disabilities scored high on involvement: They did not see themselves as hopeless in terms of work, and they saw their disabilities as less problematic than potential employers see them.
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From page 52... ...
A New Immigrant Pilot Study currently under way is designed to test the feasibility of alternative methods of locating immigrants and maximizing their participation in surveys, and to test ways of tracking this highly mobile population. CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of adolescents in the United States have their first work experience prior to finishing high school.
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