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From page 349... ... , 257-258 Adaptive observation strategies, 171, 188-190 Advection, 192-193 Aerometric Information Retrieval System, 127 Aerosol climatology, designing and deploying networks to document, 164 Aerosol physics, 63 Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change, 162 Aerosols. See also Atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric chemistry, 40 chemical and physical properties of, 129131 direct radiative forcing of climate by, 73-74 and environmental quality, 23 and interactions with other atmospheric phenomena, 7, 86-87 predicting size distributions of, 75-76 Agencies. Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... Species, 108, 140-168 infrastructure, 135- 139 mission, 112-114 recent insights, 114-121 recommended research strategies for, 121132 summary, 7 Atmospheric components, interactions with other Earth system components, 3, 184-185 Atmospheric dynamics, 169-198 recommended research, 7-8, 173-175 small-scale, 6, 63 Atmospheric electricity, 6-7, 63, 67 and interactions with other atmospheric phenomena, 7, 65 investigating global electrical circuit and lightning as measures of stability and temperature, 78 mechanisms of charge separation in clouds, 78 nature and sources of middle-atmosphere discharges, 78, 249 production of NOX by lightning, 79 recommended research strategies for, 67, 77-79 Atmospheric emissions, rapidly increasing, 4, 45 Atmospheric forecasting. See Weather forecasting INDEX Atmospheric information developing a strategy for providing, 46-50 preserving free and open exchange of, 5, 50-51 prospects for, 48-49 Atmospheric information services distributed, 49-50 funding for, 56-58 optimizing, 50 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... , 126, 134-135, 216 Climate, 272-324 climate monitoring, 2, 281, 307 climate sensitive enterprises, 25 climate weather and health, 44 climatic prediction, increase of skill in, 311314 deterioration of current observational capability, 302-306 enhancing observational capability, 307-309 historical and paleoclimatic data, use of, 309-310 improvements in climate prediction, 314316 key drivers for research, 297-302 mission statement, 278 priorities for climate research, 318-322 results of research in recent decades, 279-296 anthropogenic effects, 289-290 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... , 66 populations of, 76-77, 87 Cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs) , 74 Cloud physics, 6, 63, 100 coverage and radiative properties of clouds, 74 ice formation in the atmosphere, 75 improving understanding of precipitation formation, 75, 92-93 parameterizing subgrid-scale influences of clouds and microphysical processes on cloud models, 76-77 predicting size distributions of hydrometeors and aerosols affecting radiative transfer, 75-76 recommended research strategies for, 65-66, 74-77 Clouds charge generation in, 94-96 consequences of, 39-40 effect on radiation streams, 39 feedback from, 290 improved understanding of their roles in climate, 73 and interactions with other atmospheric phenomena, 7, 85-86 modeling, 92 noctilucent, 245, 247 resolving, 77, 102 stratocumulus and cirrus, 85-86 Cloudy atmospheres, radiative transfer in, 72 Cloudy boundary layers, structure of, 79-80 CMEs. Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... , 194 Digital communication, for aviation weather and flight planning capabilities, 48 Digital computers, for atmospheric analysis, 14 Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) , oceanic production of, 76 Disaster statistics, 21 353 Disciplinary assessments, 6-9 Disciplined forecast process, 3-4, 41-43 Disease vectors, affected by weather and climate, 15, 44 Distributed atmospheric information services, implications of, 49-50 DMS. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... expenditures, 56 Flash floods, forecasting, 184- 185 Flight planning capabilities, by digital communication, 48 Flows, surface-induced, 83 Flux measurements conducting multiyear, over different ecosystems, 151-152 from oceans, improving methods for, 153 Forecasting. See Climate forecasting; Weather forecasting Fossil fuels, consumption of, 23 Franklin, Benjamin, 14 Frontal cyclones, mesoscale, 173 Fundamental condensed phase processes, 111 Fundamental understanding of the atmosphere, 26-27 Fuzzy logic, 32 FY. Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... See Global Oscillation Network Group GPS. See Global positioning system Gravity waves, 90 Great Salinity Anomaly, 283 Greenhouse forcing of climate, 294 Greenhouse gases, 7, 22-23, 116, 123-126, 147157, 289 conducting large-scale studies of gas exchange, 152 conducting multiyear flux measurements over different ecosystems, 151-152 conducting surface-based measurements near source regions, 152 devising new systems to make accurate concentration measurements, 153-154 expanding monitoring networks to include vertical profile measurements, 151 improving and developing models, 154 improving methods of measuring fluxes from oceans, 153 maintaining current concentration monitoring networks, 150- 151 primary, 150 water vapor, 156-157 Gross domestic product (GDP) Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... See Atmospheric information Infrastructure initiatives needed, 135-139, 200 modeling, 13 needed to advance research in atmospheric chemistry, 7, 110-111 observational, 13 Inhomogeneity, effect on boundary layer, 80 Institutional arrangements for climate research, 323 Instrument development programs, 7, 111, 139 Integrated assessments, support, 161 Integrated field campaigns, continue implementation of, 160- 161 Integrating observing systems to assimilate new forms of data, 32 with increased computing power, 31 with modeling efforts, 31 through international collaboration, 32 using information organizing systems, 32 using multiple data bases, 32 Intelligent systems, 98 Interactions among atmospheric phenomena of different scales, 3, 89-92 INDEX among atmospheric phenomena of different sorts, 7 between atmosphere and other Earth system components, 3 complexity of, 63-64 land-atmosphere, 184- 185 long-term, 38-39 modeling studies of, 3, 252, 254 nonlinear, 41 observational studies of, 3 of planetary boundary layer, surface characteristics, and clouds, 81 resolving, 37-41 surface, 38 theoretical studies of, 3 water substance, 65 Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences (ICAS) , 52-53 Interdisciplinary studies needed, 4, 43-45 in climate, weather, and health, 4 in management of water resources in changing climate, 4 in rapidly increasing emissions to the atmosphere, 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... , 82, 91, 181 Mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) , 251 Microphysical processes influencing clouds, 182, 202, 224 parameterizing, 76-77 Microwave Limb Sounder, 157 Middle-atmosphere, 206, 208 nature and sources of discharges, 78, 94-96 Middle-upper atmosphere global change in, 201, 209, 245-255, 254255 monitoring inputs to, 251-252 monitoring sensitive parameters of, 251 Midlatitude cyclones, small-scale features in, 82-83 Mission to Planet Earth satellite program, 252 Model development, 186 Modeling fluxes, 78 Modeling infrastructure, 13 Models and modelling in atmospheric chemistry in aerosol research, 165, 166 in chemistry, dynamics and radiation coupling, 147 in integrated assessments, 161 long-term biogenic greenhouse gases, 154 and operational chemical forecasting, 138 overarching research challenge, 134 predicted ozone column change, 124 in toxic and nutrient investigation, 168 in atmospheric dynamics and weather forecasting adaptive observations, 188 adjoins models, 176 in atmospheric convection studies, 180187 ensemble forecasting, 187-188 massively parallel processors, used for, 190, 197 numerical techniques, 191-193 in orographic effects, 185-186 parameterization for, 190- 191 for tropical cyclones, 178 in atmospheric physics radiation transfer, 71-72, 84-85 Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... , 21, 47-49 National well-being contributions of the atmospheric sciences to, 17-27, 65, 106, 111, 202, 271, 324 enhancing national economic vitality, 24-26 maintaining environmental quality, 22-24 protection of life and property, 17-22 strengthening fundamental understanding, 26-27 Nature and sources of middle-atmosphere discharges, 78 NCAR. See National Center for Atmospheric Research Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... See National Space Weather Program Numerical computer models of the atmosphere, 3-4 Numerical techniques, 191-193 for advection, 192-193 model vertical coordinates, 192 Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, 181, 190 Nutrients, 7, 132, 149, 166-168 carrying out process-oriented field studies for algorithm development and evaluation, 168 designing and implementing ecosystem exposure monitoring networks, 167168 359 developing and evaluating techniques for measuring deposition fluxes, 166-167 NWP. Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... See Atmospheric physics Radiation transfer models, 71-72 using observational data, 84-85 Radiation transfer through a medium containing nonspherical particles, 72 Radiative forcing of climate instantaneous, 294 by trace gases and aerosols, 73-74, 293 Radiative transfer, 70 in cloudy atmospheres, 72 Radioacoustic sounding system (RASS) , 195 Radio occultation technique with GPS, 37 Radiosonde networks, 34, 36 deterioration of, 303 early, 21 worldwide, 32 Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... See Subcommittee on Atmospheric Research Satellites and atmospheric chemistry research global chemistry measurement of greenhouse gases on a range of scales, 153 recommendation for optimal combinations of remote sensing and in situ observations, 173 satellite inferences of storm-associated rain rates, 179 satellite measurement of stratospheric aerosol, 162 small satellites useful to study chemistry at high altitudes, 147 Satellites and atmospheric physics research GCM parameterization compared with data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, 85 inferring hydrometeor and cloud characteristics from satellite observations, 101 innovative approaches to the analysis of data from, 72 process study parameterizations generalized and extrapolated by satellite data, 102 satellites for characterizing precipitation over the oceans, 103 Satellites in atmospheric dynamics and weather forecasting research GPS receiver and satellite transmissions for water vapor measurement, 194-195 satellite measurement of wind using Doppler lidar, sea surface scatterometers, 195-197 361 Satellites in climate and climate change research intersatellite measurement bias, 303-305 stratospheric temperatures from satellite measurement, 287, 288 Satellites in upper-atmosphere and near-Earth space research satellite measurement of solar irradiance, 257-259 satellites showing space environment effects, 235 UARS measurements of chemistry of the stratosphere, 213 weather satellite damage from space weather disturbances, 227, 228 Scales of flow, resolving interactions among different, 37-41 Schumann resonances, 78 Scientific strategy initiatives supporting, 65 key components of, 64-65 SEASAT (sea satellite) oceanographic satellite, 196 Seasonal climate forecasting, 8, 183-184 Sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... program TOGA-TAO array. See Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere-Tropical Atmospheric Ocean array Topography, continuous scales of, 185- 186 Tornado dynamics, 181 Tornado statistics, 19 Toxics, 7, 132, 166-168 carrying out process-oriented field studies for algorithm development and evaluation, 168 Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... array, 34, 38, 319 Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) , 35 Tropopause exchange of material through, 224-225 role in atmospheric dynamics, 172 Troposphere, exchanges with other layers, 3 Tropospheric aerosols, designing and implementing new suites of measurement technologies for, 163164 Tropospheric photochemical oxidants instrumentation development, measurements documentation assessment, 7, 126-129, 157-161 Tropospheric stability, 78 Turbulence, 64 and entrainment, 80 363 U WARS. Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... See also Climate forecasting convection, 180- 183 data acquisition, 193- 197 data manipulation, 188-190 ensemble forecasting, 187-188 INDEX numerical techniques, 191-193 recommendations, 173-175 and storms, 175- 180 Weather forecasts, 169-198 economic benefit of, 24-26 four-way partnership for providing, 17- 18 initiating experimental, 3, 49 new systems for providing, 47-48, 171 spatial scales relevant to, 2-3 temporal scales relevant to, 2-3 Weather modification, 93-94 Weather satellites, 21 Weather-sensitive enterprises, 25 Weather Service Radar (U.S. National Weather Service) Read the entire page →

From page 349...

... , 257-258 Adaptive observation strategies, 171, 188-190 Advection, 192-193 Aerometric Information Retrieval System, 127 Aerosol climatology, designing and deploying networks to document, 164 Aerosol physics, 63 Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change, 162 Aerosols. See also Atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric chemistry, 40 chemical and physical properties of, 129131 direct radiative forcing of climate by, 73-74 and environmental quality, 23 and interactions with other atmospheric phenomena, 7, 86-87 predicting size distributions of, 75-76 Agencies.

Index Pages 349-364

Index
Pages 349-364