Water for the Future The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Guidelines for Rehabilitation of Rivers
Appendix D: Guidelines for Rehabilitation of Rivers
Pages 203-210
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From page 203... ...
With respect to water quantity, at less than 10 percent of natural base flow (excluding storm water) the river ceases to function as a river, whereas this 10 percent flow quantity can be tolerated, provided this low flow only occurs for short periods.
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From page 204... ...
, commissioned by the Yarkon River Authority, which was established in 1988, paves the way for full rehabilitation of the river. The master plan follows the guidelines for river rehabilitation in Israel and is based on the premise that only 9 million m3/yr of freshwater could be allocated, with the rest replaced by treated wastewater, 12 million m3/yr of which is already allocated.
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From page 205... ...
A proposal has been made to create a continuous flow along the coastal part, with 15 million m3/yr of treated wastewater from local towns. SECURING ALLOCATIONS OF WATER FOR AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS The Legal Status of Water in Israel and the Quota of Water for Nature All the waters of Israel belongs to the State, but legislation concerning pricing distinguishes between pumped water and natural water, such as direct rainfall, surface runoff, natural, open streams, pools, and other water bodies.
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From page 206... ...
Indicators, benchmarks, and monitoring programs for each of the sites will have to be identified and carried out for reviewing and updating water allocations. The Case of Allocation for the Ein-Geddi Reserve Several year-round discharging springs nurture the Ein-Geddi oasis near the Israeli coast of the Dead Sea.
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From page 207... ...
· For three reserves, there are priority rights and allocations set for other users, and nature receives the remainder, if any; · In two reserves, all water can be taken for other uses, provided water flow persists even in dry summer, at a continuous flow in the channel. · A mixed arrangement has been made for Har Meron Nature Reserve, the largest nonaquatic protected area in the Mediterranean highlands: all springs within the reserve except one are allocated for nature; for the other, nature and other users share the discharge equally.
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From page 208... ...
The Hula nature reserve is fed by a spring, and by a canal that replaces in part the predrainage discharge of the Jordan River. The spring water is divided between agriculture and the reserve, such that when the discharge is below 300 m3/hr all this amount is allocated to the reserve; when the discharge is lower than 450 m3/hr, 600 m3/hr, and 750 m3/hr, the allocation to agriculture is 100 m3/hr, 125 m3/hr, and 150 m3/hr, respectively; and when it is more than 750 m3/hr, agriculture receives 200 m3/hr.
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From page 209... ...
Altogether, the 24 to 56 million m3/yr legally allocated for biodiversity and ecosystem services in Israel accounts for 0.9 percent to 2.0 percent of the total renewable water resources west of the Jordan Rift Valley (see Table 2.2~. It should be borne in mind that, though much of this water evaporates, a substantial part recharges the aquifers and thus becomes available for further, possibly alternative, uses.
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From page 210... ...
The major future undertaking is to assess the impacts of wastewater use, for agriculture and for biodiversity, on biodiversity and ecosystem services. With respect to using treated wastewater to sustain biodiversity, predictions for water demand and use suggest that the current allocations for nature, as well as the recommendations of environmental impact assessments may not be respected in the future.
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