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Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America (1999) / Chapter Skim
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From page 331...
... , 310 Air Quality Act, 310 Alabama, 60-61, 260-263 Alaska, 262-263 Alcohol use and abuse, 56, 226 Annexation, 28-29, 63, 95, 96, 203, 240, 243, 268, 276 see also Elasticity Anti-Snob Zoning Act (MA) , 158 Arizona, 262-263 Arkansas, 260 Asians, 178 children, 20 residential segregation, 27 Attitudes, 11, 127, 106-107 home ownership, 193 individualism and equal opportunity, 18 neighborhood effects, 54-55; see also Peer influences racial prejudice, 46, 90-91, 195, 201, 238239, 242 residential segregation, 57 suburban residents toward inner city, 10, 52, 89, 132, 201, 271 suburban residents toward low-income housing, 29-30, 90-91, 158, 236, 238-239, 242 see also Racial discrimination Automobiles, 6, 84, 160-161, 170, 287 gasoline taxes, 84, 299 regional transportation policy, 296, 299, 300,304,309,314,316-318,319 B Black persons, 46, 119, 121 central cities, general, 25, 26, 57, 193-194, 230, 240 central-city/suburban disparities, 42, 69, 195, 202, 205, 207, 208, 209, 214 216 children, 20, 54 331
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From page 332...
... , 57-58, 90, 123, 218-219, 227-228, 238 gender factors, 214, 215 Hispanics, 195, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 240 historical perspectives, 4, 20, 24-25, 27, 35, 41-43, 51, 63, 193, 196-197, 200, 214-215 income, 4, 16, 20, 35, 36, 41-42, 43-45, 58 59, 62-68, 120, 194-208 (passim) , 215-216, 217; see also "poverty" r Bra
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From page 333...
... ; see also "worker mobility strategies" infra sprawl, 152, 158, 159, 176 taxation, general, 34, 35, 37; see also Tax/ service disparities transportation, general, 305-306, 307 worker mobility strategies, 10, 86, 88-89, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235-236; see also "spatial mismatch hypothesis" supra see also Tax/service disparities Centralization/decentralization policies, 3, 7-9, 10, 11, 23-24, 64-67, 96-98, 104115, 116, 128, 160, 203, 206, 240, 242-243 black persons, attitudes toward, 106-107 central-city/suburban disparities, 65, 66, 106-107 counties, 65, 97, 98 defined, 65 demographic factors, general, 66 economies of scale, 9, 33, 65, 104-105, 106, 112, 270, 271-272, 273, 279 elasticity and, 64, 65, 66 fiscal capacity, general, 65-66 historical perspectives, 106, 110, 114, 270 income, 66-67 minority groups, general, 107-108, 238 nested government, 11, 112- 113, 128- 129 quasi-governmental organizations, 286-287 racial/income segregation, 8, 11, 66-67, 124 regional factors, 66, 107, 110-111, 113-114, 116-117, 124-125, 276; see also Special districts research recommendations, 120-121, 124 services, general, 8-9, 10, 65-66, 110-112 spatial opportunity structures, 64-65, 241 333 state policies, 109-110, 115 municipal incorporation, 8, 28-29, 31, 115, 268 subsidies and aid, 111, 114-115, 129 taxation, general, 107-108, 203 tax/service disparities, 8, 75, 116, 203, 268, 269-272 transportation, 111, 274, 296-310, 318-321 two-tier governments, 21, 95, 96, 97, 106, 268, 272-274, 287 unequal opportunity, general, 8, 65-66 zoning, 80, 81, 176-177, 180 see also Special districts Chicago, Illinois, 17, 57-58, 62, 74, 90, 91, 198, 281 Gautreaux program, 57-58, 90, 123, 218219, 227-228, 238 Children, 54, 56, 91, 219, 239 black, 20, 54 income segregation, 59, 117, 158, 192 minority, general, 20 peer influences, 54-55, 59, 92, 94, 117, 122, 158, 218, 219, 226, 239 tax/service disparities, 75 youth employment, 221-224 see also Education Cities Without Suburbs, 239 Civil Rights Act, 308, 319 Classification issues elasticity, 62-63 employment, 14, 215 high-poverty areas, 39(n.4) metropolitan areas, 22, 38-39(n.1, n.3)
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From page 334...
... , 82, 243 air quality controls, 311 - 312 equalization aid, 101 government fragmentation/consolidation, 65, 97, 98 tax/service disparities, 255, 262-266, 270, 272, 273, 280-281 transportation policy, 297 Court cases air quality control, 317 education, 279 mass transit, 308 zoning, 83, 154-155, 158, 165, 168, 174175, 180-181 Crime, 9, 18, 70, 158 neighborhood effects, 6, 54, 56, 70, 226 police, 9, 19, 75-76, 83, 158, 218, 234, 267, 268, 273-274, 280, 286 segregation, general, 70 suburbs, 71, 81-82, 158, 161 tax/service disparities, 75, 267, 268, 273274, 280, 286 Cultural factors city institutions, 19 public choice factors, 105 residential segregation, 57 see also Neighborhood effects; Social factors D Dayton, Ohio, 99-100, 285 INDEX Decentralization, see Centralization/ decentralization policies Delaware, 260 Demographic factors, 22, 201-202, 205 local government fragmentation, 66 tax/service disparities, general, 75 see also Family factors; Gender factors; Minority groups; Neighborhood effects; Population size and density; .
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From page 335...
... 64, 65, 66 see also Sprawl Ellen, Ingrid Gould, 44, 49, 56, 58, 64, 66, 238239, 242 Employment and unemployment, 9, 40, 218219, 220 black persons, 5-6, 47, 49, 52, 61, 67, 6869, 71, 89, 95, 195, 214-216, 229 gender factors, 54, 214, 215 reverse commuting, 236 spatial mismatch hypothesis, 5-6, 52, 57, 217, 220-221, 223, 224-225, 227, 228 central cities, 22, 33-34, 52-53, 131, 132 central cities vs suburbs, 4, 5, 16, 17, 33-34, 35,36,41,45,52,58,62-63,68,69, 194-204 (passim) , 214-217, 225, 281-282, 306 335 classification issues, 14, 215 community development corporations, 233 databases, 236 enterprise zones, 86, 231, 232 gender factors, 214, 215, 222, 223 globalization, 17 - 18, 33 Hispanics, 49-51, 52, 195 information networks, 89 labor market skills, 86, 91-94 low-skilled workers, 4, 5, 17, 18, 32, 34, 42,46,62,63,68, 121,217,219, 222, 224, 236, 282 market forces, 14, 17-18, 33, 229 minorities, general, 4-5, 16, 20, 47 neighborhood effects, 6, 54, 55, 56, 57, 218, 220, 227, 228, 240 population size, 61 poverty and mobility, 10, 86, 88-89, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235-236 property rights, 179 racial discrimination, 5-6, 10, 52, 57, 68-69, 89, 94-95, 121, 132 regional factors, 200-201 research recommendations, 117 segregation, 68-69, 71, 214-216, 229 state politics, 177 suburbs, 22, 33-34, 132, 163-164 discrimination, 5-6, 10, 19, 57, 95, 132 worker mobility strategies, 10, 86, 8889, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235236 see also "central cities as suburbs" supra worker mobility, 10, 86, 88-89, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235-236 poverty and, 10, 86, 88-89, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235-236 youth, 221-224 see also Commuters and commuting Enterprise zones, 86-87, 123, 230-233, 234 Environmental protection, 13, 38 air quality, 296, 299, 300, 304, 309, 310321 sprawl, 175-176, 177-178 study at hand, methodology, vii Environmental Protection Agency, 316,317,319 Equalization aid, 7, 10, 72, 101-103, 123, 125, 133, 268, 278-280, 284 place-based initiatives, 86-88, 123, 230-234 Equity, general, 16, 53 centralization/decentralization, 8 regional air quality, 318-319
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From page 336...
... , 57-58, 90, 123, 218-219, 227-228, 238 Gender factors black persons, 54, 214, 215 central-city/suburban disparities, 214, 215 employment, 214, 215, 222, 223 high-poverty neighborhoods, 54 Geography, see Spatial distribution factors Georgia, 260-263 Government revenues and expenditures, 65, 120 consolidation of local governments, 106 criminal justice system, 71 see also Funding; Public services; Subsidies and aid; Taxation; Tax/service disparities Grants, see Subsidies and aid H Hawaii, 177, 278 Highways, see Transportation Hispanics, 119 central cities, 25, 26, 46, 193-194, 195 central-city/suburban disparities, 195, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 240 children, 20 educational attainment, 5, 47, 49-51, 195 educational segregation, 26 poverty, 4-5, 16, 27, 195 residential segregation, 27, 58-59, 176, 205, 206, 208, 209, 237 suburbs, 195, 202, 205, 208 Historical perspectives, 27, 63 agglomeration economies, 34
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From page 337...
... INDEX air quality controls, 310- 316 central-city/suburban disparities, 4, 20, 2425, 27, 35, 41-43, 51, 63, 193, 196197, 200, 214-215 commuter taxes, 282 educational segregation, 26 equalization aid, 102 income segregation, 153, 154, 157, 197-198 land area of metropolitan areas, 23, 63-64 local government fragmentation/ consolidation, 106, 110, 114, 270 national politics, 18 population living in metropolitan areas, 2223, 24-25, 27, 193-194 residential segregation, 26, 56-57, 240 suburbanization, 24, 28, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159-161, 175, 193, 195, 196 taxation, 101, 256-267, 282, 288 transportation policy, 296-304, 309 zoning, 153, 154 Housing attitudes toward home ownership, 193 blacks, 83, 90-91, 228 building codes, 31, 130- 131 discrimination, 11- 12; see also Residential segregation federal programs, 90, 91, 237 market forces, general, 14 minorities, general, 89 sprawl, 13, 33, 84-85, 109, 151-191, 237 state policies, 8, 80-81, 236-237 transportation and, 309 vouchers, 10, 58, 90, 123, 131, 227, 237 see also Land use; Low-income housing; Residential segregation; Zoning Houston, Texas, 17, 176, 269 I Ihlanfeldt, Keith, 52, 55, 57-58, 61, 87, 88-89, 90, 192 Illinois, 232, 262-263 see also Chicago, Illinois Immigrants central cities, 32, 53 residential segregation, 56-57 sprawl, 177-178 Income black persons, 5, 16, 20, 27, 46-50, 61, 62, 67, 120, 158, 195, 215-216 central cities, 32, 158 337 central-city/suburban disparities, 4, 16, 20, 35, 36, 41-42, 43-45, 58-59, 62-68, 120, 194-208 (passing, 215-216, 217 children, 59, 117, 158, 192 classification of urban problems, 14 disparities, general, 40 educational attainment and, 61, 239 globalization and wages, 18 Hispanics, 48, 49-51, 195 minorities, general, 195 neighborhood effects, 7, 16, 21, 30, 56, 59, 118, 124, 151, 153-154, 192, 197-198 population size and, 62 research recommendations, 117 residential segregation, 6-7, 9, 10, 16, 1819, 21, 27, 29-31, 59-60, 65, 66-67, 70, 80, 117, 118, 124, 131, 151, 153-161, 169, 182, 192, 197-198, 199, 201-202, 229, 237 spatial mismatch hypothesis, 222 suburbanization, 28, 153-161, 169, 170 see also Employment and unemployment; Poverty Income tax, 34, 77, 101, 133, 172, 173, 255, 256, 260-261, 266, 267, 282, 283284, 295 Indiana, 231, 232, 260 Indianapolis, Indiana, 107, 109, 111, 115 Infrastructure, 15, 107, 178, 269 system maintenance, 14, 15, 19, 306-307 see also Public services; Tax/service disparities; Transportation Inner-City Poverty in the United States, vii Inner-ring suburbs, 3, 4, 41, 76, 162-163, 170, 192 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 111, 274, 288, 304 International perspectives enterprise zones, 232 European countries, 31, 56-57, 59, 162-163, 165, 167 globalization, 17 - 18, 33 housing costs, 178 local government factors in spatial distribution, 29, 30, 31, 118-119 mass transit, 170 spatial distribution factors, general, 29, 30, 31, 118-119 suburbs, 29, 118, 151, 153, 162-163, 165, 168, 170, 171 tax/service disparities, 287
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From page 338...
... , 83-84 Local government, 3, 15, 20 land use, 8, 59, 64, 80, 130 international perspectives, 29, 30, 31, 118-119 spatial distribution, general, 22, 29, 30, 119 political factors, 22, 36-38, 64, 104, 107-109, 110, 113, 126, 163, 176-177, 239 241, 270, 271, 272-273, 276-278 spatial distribution factors, general, 29-32 spatial opportunity structures, 213-214, 239-241 state policy and, 8, 11, 18, 21, 76, 98, 99, 101, 102-103, 104, 260-267, 277, 278, 280-281 metropolitan consolidation policies, 109-110, 115, 128-130 municipal incorporation policies, 8, 28 29, 31, 115, 268 tax/service disparities, 76, 98, 99, 101, 102-103, 104, 260-267, 277, 278, 280-285 see also Equalization aid see also Centralization/decentralization policies; Counties; Regional factors; Taxation; Tax/service disparities; Zoning Los Angeles, California, 17, 25, 57, 157, 198, 225, 299, 300, 302, 310, 313-315, 316, 317, 319 Louisiana, 262-263 Low-income housing, 53, 59, 81-82, 84-85, 130-131, 237 central cities, 53, 59, 130-131, 153 Gautreaux program (Chicago) , 57-58, 90, 123, 218-219, 227-228, 238 regulatory issues, 89-90, 130-131 suburbs, 81-82, 84-85, 89-91, 107, 110, 130 attitudes toward low-income housing, 29-30, 90-91, 158, 236, 238-239, 242 sprawl and, 151-152, 153, 154-158, 171- 172, 176 vouchers, 10, 58, 90, 123, 131, 227, 237 Low-income persons, see Poverty
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From page 339...
... see also Commuters and commuting; Transportation Moral and ethical issues, 18, 151 Motor vehicles, see Automobiles Mulford-Carrell Air Resources Act (CA) , 310 N Nashville, Tennessee, 97, 107, 108 National Commission on Urban Problems, 157 Nebraska, 264-265 Neighborhood effects, vii, 6, 14, 104, 131, 132, 213, 217-219, 225-227, 230 air quality, 318-319 attitudes, general, 54-55 black neighborhoods, 218, 227, 228, 240 community development corporations, 233 crime, 6, 54, 56, 70, 226 education, 94, 219-220, 226, 239
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From page 340...
... . pollcles Political factors, 8, 14, 29, 239, 254 air quality controls, 314 central cities, 22, 36-38, 254 land use policy, 81, 237, 239-241; see also "zoning" infra local governments, 22, 36-38, 64, 104, 107 109, 110, 113, 126, 163, 176-177, 239-241, 270, 271, 272-273, 276 278 metropolitan governance, general, 36, 37, 104, 107-109, 110 national, 18 public choice factors, 105 regional, 15, 36, 37, 110, 113-114, 300, 305-306, 307-309, 314 social science, 179 state-level, 11, 28, 37, 177, 181, 280 suburbanization, 28-29, 158, 163, 164-165, 176-178, 254 tax/service disparities, 95-98, 100, 105, 268-269, 270, 271, 272-273, 276 278, 280, 284-285, 288 transportation policy, 300, 305-306, 307 309 zoning, 158, 163, 164-165, 176-178, 181, 236
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From page 341...
... see also Low-income housing; Subsidies and aid; Welfare Property rights, 84-85, 152, 165, 168, 178-182 Property tax, 30, 75, 97, 99, 100-101, 102, 255, 256, 282 educational services and, 174-175 regional factors, 201 sprawl, 169, 173-175, 178 Public services, 6, 10, 30, 126 fragmented vs consolidated local government, and 8-9, 10, 65-66, 110-112 residential segregation, 57 surburbanization and, 152 unequal provision, 10, 60-61 see also Education; Infrastructure; Mass transit; Police; Special districts; Tax/ service disparities; Welfare Public transportation, see Mass transit Q Quality of life, general, 14, 15, 129 suburban residents, 20 Quasi-governmental organizations, 286-287 R Racial discrimination, 11 - 12, 18- 19 antidiscrimination laws, 11-12, 94-95, 108, 131, 132, 237, 308, 319 attitudes, general, 46, 90-91, 195, 201, 238 239, 242 employment, 5-6, 10, 52, 57, 68-69, 89, 94 95, 121, 132 residential segregation, vii, 5-6, 8, 10, 2526, 27, 31, 51, 56-59, 69-71, 118119, 131, 158, 198-199, 201-202, 205, 213, 229, 237, 240 black persons, 6-7, 18-19, 26, 27, 49, 56-57, 58-59, 67, 69-70, 198-199, 202, 205, 206, 228, 229, 237-238, 242
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From page 342...
... ; Zoning (exclusionary) Revenue, see Government revenues and expenditures; Taxation Roads, see Transportation Rural areas transportation policy, 298, 300 zoning, 163-164, 169, 170-171, 172, 175176 S Sacramento, California, 313 San Francisco, California, 162, 169-170, 304, 308,310,311,312,313,316,317 Seattle, Washington, 109, 111 Seoul, South Korea, 178 Services, see Public services
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From page 343...
... spatial opportunity structure, 10, 11, 16-17, 18,21,37,40,51,54,61,79-115, 116-117, 121-122, 123-125, 127128, 129, 133-135, 213-252 tax/service disparities, 268-269 see also Elasticity; Land use; Neighborhood effects; Residential segregation; Special districts; Sprawl; Zoning 343 Special districts, 23, 98, 112, 125, 129, 269, 272-274, 277 air quality control, 296, 304, 310-321 metropolitan planning organizations, 111112, 114, 125, 274, 277, 302, 303304 Speculation, 172-173 Sprawl, 13, 33, 84, 109, 151-191, 237 central-city/suburban disparities, 152, 158, 159, 176 environmental impacts, 175- 176, 177- 178 immigrants, 177-178 international perspectives, 151, 153, 162 163, 165, 168, 170 opportunity costs, 176 property rights, 84-85, 152, 165, 168, 178 182 property tax, 169, 173-175, 178 see also Elasticity Stable Neighborhood Initiatives Program, 238, 239 Standards building codes, 31, 130- 131 educational, 131, 132 State government, 3-4, 8, 11, 18, 21, 115, 129 130 air quality controls, 310- 315 annexation, 28-29 commuter taxes, 123 education, 102-103, 104 employment, 177 enterprise zones, 86-87, 123, 230-233, 234 equalization aid, 7, 10, 72, 101-103, 123, 125, 133, 268, 278-280, 284; see also Place-based initiatives housing, 8, 80-81, 236-237 land use policies, 8, 11, 80-81, 82-84, 119, 130, 154-155, 168, 177, 180-181, 236-237 local governments and, 8, 11, 18, 21, 76, 98, 99, 101, 102-103, 104, 260-267, 277, 278, 280-281 metropolitan consolidation policies, 109-110, 115, 128-130 municipal incorporation policies, 8, 28 29, 31, 115, 268 tax/service disparities, 76, 98, 99, 101, 102-103, 104, 260-267, 277, 278, 280-285 metropolitan governance, general, 11, 109 110, 115
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From page 344...
... see also Mobility (workers) Hispanics, 195, 202, 205, 208 historical perspectives, 24, 28, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159-161, 175, 193, 195, 196 household mobility strategies, 86, 89-91 income segregation/stratification, 7-8, 151, 152, 153-159 inner-ring, 3, 4, 41, 76, 162-163, 170, 192 international perspectives, 29, 118, 151, 153, 162-163, 165, 168, 170, 171 low-income housing, 81-82, 84-85, 89-91, 107, 110, 130 attitudes toward, 29-30, 90-91, 158, 236, 238-239, 242 sprawl and, 151-152, 153, 154-158, 171- 172, 176 minorities, 3, 25, 26, 28, 130 poverty, 3, 4, 97-98 property rights, 84-85, 152, 165, 168, 178 182 research recommendations, 118 spatial mismatch hypothesis, 5-6, 7-8, 32, 51-52, 57, 61, 67, 216-217, 220-230 (passim)
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From page 345...
... INDEX T Taxation, 9 classification of urban problems, 14 central cities' relations with suburbs, 34, 35, 37 commuter taxes, 7, 98, 101, 123, 133, 267, 281 -282 enterprise zones, 86-87, 123, 230-233, 234 gasoline taxes, 84, 299 historical perspectives, 101, 256-267, 282, 288 home owners, advantages, 171 - 172 income taxes, 34, 77, 101, 133, 172, 173, 255, 256, 260-261, 266, 267, 282, 283-284, 295 local government fragmentation/ consolidation, 107-108, 203 local revenues by state and/or type, 256-267 property taxes, 30, 75, 97, 99, 100-101, 102, 169, 173-175, 307 public choice factors, 105 racial/economic segregation, 7 residential segregation, 7, 57 sales taxes, 74, 75, 76, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262-267, 307 speculation and, 173 state policies, general, 8, 175, 255 transportation, 84, 299, 307, 309, 313; see also "commuter taxes" supra zoning and, 30, 169; see also "enterprise zones" supra Tax/service disparities, 7, 8, 10, 29, 30, 32, 72 77, 95-104, 107, 116, 119-120, 122 123, 132-133, 203, 253-295 children, 75; see also "education" infra commuter taxes, 7, 98, 101, 123, 133, 267, 281 -282 counties, 255, 262-266, 270, 272, 273, 280 281 crime, 75, 267, 268, 273-274, 280, 286 education, 7, 75, 122, 174-175, 255, 267, 278, 279, 280 equalization aid, 101-103, 123, 125, 133, 268, 278-280, 284; see also Place based initiatives export taxes, 98, 100-101, 266, 283-284; see also "commuter taxes" supra federal government, 98, 253, 254, 268, 278, 281, 287-288 345 fragmentation/consolidation of metropolitan government, 8, 75, 116, 203, 268, 269-272 international perspectives, 287 metropolitan governance, general, 96-98, 99, 107, 254, 277, 278 minority groups, general, 97 political factors, 95-98, 100, 105, 268-269, 270, 271, 272-273, 276-278, 280, 284-285, 288 population size/density, 75, 254, 269, 277 poverty, 73, 76, 97-98, 254, 278, 281 public choice factors, 105-106 regional factors, general, 98, 99, 133, 276 spatial distribution, general, 268-269 state policy, 76, 98, 99, 101, 102-103, 104, 260-267, 277, 278, 280-285; see also "equalization aid" supra subsidies and aid, 72, 74, 267; see also Equalization aid suburbs, 74-75, 76, 270-271, 281-282, 285; see also Commuters and commuting tax-base sharing, 99-100, 268, 274-276, 284; see also "equalization aid" supra transportation, 254, 286; see also Commuters and commuting welfare, 76-77, 254 Telecommunications, 33 Internet, 180 Tennessee, 264-265 Texas, 264-265, 268 Transportation, 19, 230 automobiles, 6, 84, 160-161, 170, 287, 296, 299,300,304,309,314,316-318, 319 central-city/suburban disparities, general, 305-306, 307 equity, general, 307-309 federal government, 298-303, 304, 306-307 funding, 298-303, 304, 306-308 gasoline taxes, 84, 299 historical perspectives, 296-304, 309 housing and, 309 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 111, 274, 288, 304 land use policy, general, 309-310 local government fragmentation/ consolidation, 111, 274, 296-310, 318-321
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From page 346...
... tax/service disparities, 254, 286 worker mobility, 10, 86, 88-89, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235-236 poverty and employment mobility, 10, 86, 88-89, 94, 95, 123, 131, 132, 227, 235-236 spatial mismatch hypothesis, 5-6, 32, 51-52, 56, 57, 61, 67, 89, 216-217, 220-230 (passim) see also Commuters and commuting Two-tier governments, 21, 95, 96, 97, 106, 268, 272-274, 287 U Unemployment, see Employment and unemployment Unequal opportunity, general, 16-17, 19, 20, 27, 40-78, 69-71, 85-95, 116, 121, 127 exclusionary zoning, 8, 11, 12, 16, 21, 29, 30-32, 38, 61, 79-80, 81-82, 89-90, 104, 130, 131, 201, 236-237 sprawl and, 152, 153-159, 168-169, 175-182 globalization, 18 individualism and equal opportunity, 18 local government fragmentation/ consolidation, 8, 65-66 metropolitan governance, 114 national policy, 18 policy options, 79- 115 public services, 10, 60-61 research recommendations, 9, 10, 117, 127, 129-131 INDEX spatial opportunity structures, 21, 79-115, 116, 117, 127, 213-252 state policy, 18, 129- 130 unemployment, underemployment and lowincome, 9, 18, 19 see also Central-city/suburban disparities; Neighborhood effects; Poverty; Racial discrimination; Residential segregation; Spatial distribution factors; Tax/service disparities Urban Change and Poverty, vii Urban Mass Transportation Act, 301 Urbanization economies, 32 Utah, 264-265 V Vermont, 80, 177 Virginia, 115, 162, 260, 266-267 Voting Rights Act, 108 Vouchers educational, 92-94, 104, 132 housing, 10, 58, 90, 123, 131, 227, 237 W Washington, D.C., 17, 82, 97-98, 162, 198, 282 Washington State, 266-267, 311 Welfare, 237 neighborhood effects, 54 political factors, 18, 181-182 tax/service disparities, 76-77, 254 see also Low-income housing Wisconsin, 266-267 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 74-75, 98 Working Class Suburb, 195 World Wide Web, see Internet Wyoming, 266-267 z Zoning, 11, 107 community development corporations, 88 court cases, 83, 154-155, 158, 165, 168, 174-175, 180-181 discriminatory, 11-12, 29; see also "exclusionary" infra enterprise zones, 86-87, 123, 230-233, 234 exclusionary, 8, 11, 12, 16, 21, 29, 30-32,
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From page 347...
... INDEX 38, 61, 79-80, 81-82, 89-90, 104, 130, 131, 201, 236-237 sprawl and, 152, 153-159, 168-169, 175-182 historical perspectives, 153, 154 local government fragmentation/ consolidation, 80, 81, 176- 177, 180 inclusionary, 10, 38, 78, 81, 82-84, 130, 176, 177 political factors, 158, 163, 164-165, 176178, 181, 236 347 property rights, 84-85, 152, 165, 168, 178182 rural areas, 163-164, 169, 170-171, 172, 175-176 sprawl and, 151-191 subsidies and aid, 30, 82-84, 85, 171-172, 179; see also "enterprise zones" supra
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Key Terms

  • local government
  • neighborhood effects
  • spatial distribution
  • residential segregation
  • black persons

  • spatial mismatch
  • political factors
  • mismatch hypothesis
  • equalization aid
  • enterprise zones

  • metropolitan governance
  • educational attainment
  • distribution factors
  • international perspectives
  • regional factors

  • racial discrimination
  • community development
  • spatial opportunity
  • government fragmentation
  • opportunity structures

  • worker mobility
  • quality controls
  • mobility strategies
  • clean air
  • development corporations

  • choice factors
  • household mobility
  • air act
  • planning organizations
  • metropolitan planning


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