Biomedical Models and Resources Current Needs and Future Opportunities (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 54-66
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From page 54... ...
Peter Tonellato, Associate Professor, Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Marquette University; Director, Informatics Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin ILAR Staff Ralph Dell, Director, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council Thomas Wolfle, Past Director, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council Kathleen Bell, Project Assistant, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council 6
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From page 55... ...
APPENDIX C Moclels for Blomecllcal Research A NEW PERSPECTIVE Committee on Models for Biomedical Research Board on Basic Biology Commission on Life Sciences iNai'onal Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington.
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From page 56... ...
On the other hand, Bullock ( 1984) argued that "comparative neuroscience is likely to reach insights so novel as to constitute revolutions in understanding the structure, functions, ontogeny, and evolution of nervous systems.
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From page 57... ...
Studies that review the use or potential use of biological materials as model systems are fairly numerous, including several conducted by the National Research Council: 1981a) ; Mammalia ~ ~ _ _ ~ (National Research Council ~ Marine Invertebrates, a volume in the Laboratory Animal Management Series (National Research Council, 1981b)
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From page 58... ...
Included in the topics covered in this volume are mechanical models, electrical analogs, computers, kinetic models, models in cybernetics, psychological models, and educational models. As used in biology, the concept of a model has not always been con sistent and involves two broad classes, determined by whether the modelling is based on analogy or on homology.
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From page 59... ...
Thus, a representational model represents X, but not completely and not necessarily literally, by utilizing something Y that is familiar or more readily grasped. In a theoretical model we represent X, but only approximately and not completely, by bringing it under, or at least utilizing parts of, some more basic theory or theories that are familiar and unders toad .
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From page 60... ...
In general, species that have diverged most recently have the closest resemblances in DNA sequences and functions of protein and RNA derived from these sequences. The relationships between organisms resulting from their shared evolutionary history and matching DNA sequences form the basis of modern by homology.
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From page 61... ...
and the Tasmanian wolf (a marsupial) are good ecological analogs, although the latter would be a very poor model if one were studying typical late embryological development in mammals .
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From page 62... ...
The WHHL rabbits have been shown by analogy to be extraordinarily good models of humans with familial hypercholesterolemia insofar as the disease process is concerned. They have an LDL receptor deficiency in skin fibroblasts which the authors suggest will be a powerful tool for finding a significant role of LDL receptordef iciency in the occurrence of the clinical syndrome of hyperbetalipoproteinemia (Tanzawa et al., 1980~.
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From page 63... ...
Within the matrix, homology and analogy still exist, analogy arising out of common stra tegies and common functional groups, and all the analogical behavior derived by using the same hardware and the same physical and chemical laws to solve similar problems or to perform similar functions. A classical biological model to f the one-to-one type ~ can now be seen as one relationship within the larger context .
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From page 64... ...
Because of its particularly cogent presentation, the summary of Bullock's paper is quoted here in its entirety: The brain has diversified and advanced in evolution more than any other organ; the variety of nervous systems and behaviors among animal species is thus available for our exploitat ion. Comparative neuroscience is likely to reach insights so novel as to constitute revolutions in understanding the structure, functions, ontogeny, and evolution of nervous systems.
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From page 65... ...
1983. Cellular pathology of progressive atherosclerosis in the WHHL rabbit: An animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia.
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From page 66... ...
Laboratory Animal Management Series. National Academy Press, Washington, D
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