The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 169-173

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 169... ... , 32-35 C Career ladders, 15 Career mobility, 7~76, 78-79 into and out of sex-atypical occupations, 78-79 opportunity and, 76 sex segregation and, 14-15 worker flexibility and, 78 Child care, 39, 73-75, 117-118, 127, 134-135 absence of alternatives, 74 affirmative action and, 117 federal programs, 117-118 occupations "compatible" with, 7, 39, 69 Childbearing, 42, 46 Civil Rights Act (1964) , 43, 45 Title VI, 106 Title VII, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 83, 85 87, 91, 119, 126 Class action suits, 86, 87 College enrollment rates, 63 Commission on Civil Rights, 11~114 Comparable worth, 87 See also Pay equity Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... , 117 Education materials, sex stereotypes in, 63, 112, 127 and occupational choice, 63-68 Office of, 106 policy recommendations, 130-135 and sex segregation, 63-68 vocational, see Vocational education Educational Amendment Act (1972) , Title IX, 47, 83, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113-114, 116, 120, 129, 133 Employers, 8, 22-23 efforts to reduce sex segregation, 9~99, 119 H policy recommendations for, 132-133 Employment, barriers to, 44-56 discriminatory acts and behavior, 47-51 informal, 5~56 institutional, 51-53 legal, 45~7 Employment continuity, 72 Employment growth, sources of for women, 29-30 Enforcement, 91-96, 121 agencies, 130-132 powers of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 86 Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972) Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... , 11o Nepotism, 4849, 51 Networking, 54-55 o Occupational aspirations among blacks, 59 causes of, 60 among children and adolescents, 58-59 among college students, 60 expectations and, 60-61 opportunity and, 79, 127 parental influence on, 58, 60 among whites, 59 Occupational choice education and, 63 68 employment continuity and, 72 and family responsibility, 70-73 husband's attitude about, 69 marital status and, 71-72 and market conditions, 7~77 mathematics courses and, 65, 115, 121 occupational knowledge and, 68, 79, 127 opportunity and, 75-80, 127 socialization and, 5~63 Occupational mobility, 14-15 171 Occupational opportunity, 75-80, 127-128 Occupational prestige, 15-16 Occupational segregation, 9 by age, 25-27 census information for, 18-19, 22 child care and, 73-75 extent of, 20-22 and flexible work schedules, 118 by occupation, 27-30 and pregnancy, 47, 85, 86 projections through 1990, 32-35 protective labor laws and, 45~7, 87, 88 by race, 27, 30 reduction in, 22-23, 24-25 resegregation, 30-32 sex stereotypes and, 41-44 sexuality and, 41 stability of, 23-25 trends in, 22-32 wage consequences, 10-13 and wages, 123 within vs. between occupations, 1~11 See also Job segregation; Sex segregation Occupations classification of, 8-9, 137 female-dominated, 7, 23, 28-30, 123 female-intensive, 23 growth rates of, 33, 34 interdependence and, 54 male-dominated, 7, 23, 28, 31, 53 male-intensive, 23 potentially toxic to fetuses, 46 by race and sex, 6, 7 sex labeling and sex typing of, 8, 43-44, 63 See also Dictionary of Occupational Titles Office for Civil Rights (OCR) Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... , 87, 88, 117 Role models, 6041 S Schools sex stereotyping in, 63-65, 114-115 tracking in, 64, 66, 127 See also Education; Vocational education Segregation, 5 defined, 5 index of, see Index of segregation and self-fulfillment, 9 voluntary, 5 See also Discrimination; Job segregation; Occupational segregation; Sex segregation Seniority, 14, 52, 92, 98 Sex appeal, 48 Sex differences, innate, 41 See also Sex stereotypes Sex labeling, 43~4, 53, 63, 88, 125 Sex-role socialization, 57-63, 126 and the media, 61 parental influence on, 58 and personality, 59-60 and skill and knowledge acquisition, 59, 62 Sex segregation, 1 and career mobility, 14-15 consequences of, 9-17 cultural beliefs and, 38~4, 125 design of work or tools and, 53 division of labor and, 7-8, 116 education and, 63-68 establishment level, 8, 21 extent of, 20-22 index of, see Index of segregation industry level, 8, 21-22 jobs vs. occupations, 9 networks and, 54-55, 80 and on-thejob training, 14 opportunity structure and, 75-80 and power within the family, 16 and prestige, 15-16 reduction efforts by employers, 96-99, 119, 132 133 reduction of (overview) Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... , 67, 108 Vocational Education Equity Study, 110 W Wage disparity, 1, 4, 10-11, 123 173 Whites, 3, 27, 28, 80 Women contribution to family income, 4 earnings as a percent of men's, 1, 4, 10-11, 123 employment growth, 29-30 as homemakers, 38-39, 40, 69 married vs. unmarred, 3, 71-72 number in labor force, 1 participation in labor force, 2-4 percent in labor force, 1, 3 as sexually provocative, 40 in supervisory jobs, 39-40, 49 time in work force, 3 and union membership Earners, 54 Women managers and supervisors, attitudes toward, 40, 49 Women's Educational Equity Act (WEA) Read the entire page →

From page 169...

... , 32-35 C Career ladders, 15 Career mobility, 7~76, 78-79 into and out of sex-atypical occupations, 78-79 opportunity and, 76 sex segregation and, 14-15 worker flexibility and, 78 Child care, 39, 73-75, 117-118, 127, 134-135 absence of alternatives, 74 affirmative action and, 117 federal programs, 117-118 occupations "compatible" with, 7, 39, 69 Childbearing, 42, 46 Civil Rights Act (1964) , 43, 45 Title VI, 106 Title VII, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 83, 85 87, 91, 119, 126 Class action suits, 86, 87 College enrollment rates, 63 Commission on Civil Rights, 11~114 Comparable worth, 87 See also Pay equity Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA)

Read the entire page →

From page 170...

... , 117 Education materials, sex stereotypes in, 63, 112, 127 and occupational choice, 63-68 Office of, 106 policy recommendations, 130-135 and sex segregation, 63-68 vocational, see Vocational education Educational Amendment Act (1972) , Title IX, 47, 83, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113-114, 116, 120, 129, 133 Employers, 8, 22-23 efforts to reduce sex segregation, 9~99, 119 H policy recommendations for, 132-133 Employment, barriers to, 44-56 discriminatory acts and behavior, 47-51 informal, 5~56 institutional, 51-53 legal, 45~7 Employment continuity, 72 Employment growth, sources of for women, 29-30 Enforcement, 91-96, 121 agencies, 130-132 powers of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 86 Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972)

Read the entire page →

From page 171...

... , 11o Nepotism, 4849, 51 Networking, 54-55 o Occupational aspirations among blacks, 59 causes of, 60 among children and adolescents, 58-59 among college students, 60 expectations and, 60-61 opportunity and, 79, 127 parental influence on, 58, 60 among whites, 59 Occupational choice education and, 63 68 employment continuity and, 72 and family responsibility, 70-73 husband's attitude about, 69 marital status and, 71-72 and market conditions, 7~77 mathematics courses and, 65, 115, 121 occupational knowledge and, 68, 79, 127 opportunity and, 75-80, 127 socialization and, 5~63 Occupational mobility, 14-15 171 Occupational opportunity, 75-80, 127-128 Occupational prestige, 15-16 Occupational segregation, 9 by age, 25-27 census information for, 18-19, 22 child care and, 73-75 extent of, 20-22 and flexible work schedules, 118 by occupation, 27-30 and pregnancy, 47, 85, 86 projections through 1990, 32-35 protective labor laws and, 45~7, 87, 88 by race, 27, 30 reduction in, 22-23, 24-25 resegregation, 30-32 sex stereotypes and, 41-44 sexuality and, 41 stability of, 23-25 trends in, 22-32 wage consequences, 10-13 and wages, 123 within vs. between occupations, 1~11 See also Job segregation; Sex segregation Occupations classification of, 8-9, 137 female-dominated, 7, 23, 28-30, 123 female-intensive, 23 growth rates of, 33, 34 interdependence and, 54 male-dominated, 7, 23, 28, 31, 53 male-intensive, 23 potentially toxic to fetuses, 46 by race and sex, 6, 7 sex labeling and sex typing of, 8, 43-44, 63 See also Dictionary of Occupational Titles Office for Civil Rights (OCR)

Read the entire page →

From page 172...

... , 87, 88, 117 Role models, 6041 S Schools sex stereotyping in, 63-65, 114-115 tracking in, 64, 66, 127 See also Education; Vocational education Segregation, 5 defined, 5 index of, see Index of segregation and self-fulfillment, 9 voluntary, 5 See also Discrimination; Job segregation; Occupational segregation; Sex segregation Seniority, 14, 52, 92, 98 Sex appeal, 48 Sex differences, innate, 41 See also Sex stereotypes Sex labeling, 43~4, 53, 63, 88, 125 Sex-role socialization, 57-63, 126 and the media, 61 parental influence on, 58 and personality, 59-60 and skill and knowledge acquisition, 59, 62 Sex segregation, 1 and career mobility, 14-15 consequences of, 9-17 cultural beliefs and, 38~4, 125 design of work or tools and, 53 division of labor and, 7-8, 116 education and, 63-68 establishment level, 8, 21 extent of, 20-22 index of, see Index of segregation industry level, 8, 21-22 jobs vs. occupations, 9 networks and, 54-55, 80 and on-thejob training, 14 opportunity structure and, 75-80 and power within the family, 16 and prestige, 15-16 reduction efforts by employers, 96-99, 119, 132 133 reduction of (overview)

Read the entire page →

From page 173...

... , 67, 108 Vocational Education Equity Study, 110 W Wage disparity, 1, 4, 10-11, 123 173 Whites, 3, 27, 28, 80 Women contribution to family income, 4 earnings as a percent of men's, 1, 4, 10-11, 123 employment growth, 29-30 as homemakers, 38-39, 40, 69 married vs. unmarred, 3, 71-72 number in labor force, 1 participation in labor force, 2-4 percent in labor force, 1, 3 as sexually provocative, 40 in supervisory jobs, 39-40, 49 time in work force, 3 and union membership Earners, 54 Women managers and supervisors, attitudes toward, 40, 49 Women's Educational Equity Act (WEA)

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 169-173

Index
Pages 169-173