The Community Development Quota Program in Alaska (1999) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
5 Broader Issues and Considerations
5 Broader Issues and Considerations
Pages 103-117
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From page 103... ...
What emerges from a review of the western Alaska CDQ program is an appreciation for how specifically that program was tailored to the region in which it was applied. The very specificity of the Alaska program is useful in identifying critical characteristics, or design features, that must be addressed by anyone exploring the possible application of the more generic CDQ concept.
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From page 104... ...
The western Alaska CDQ program was designed to achieve a goal of inclusion. The coastal communities of western Alaska were perceived to be excluded from the ongoing development of the commercial fisheries in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands.
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From page 105... ...
The western Alaska CDQ program is defined in terms of 57 geographic communities. Any potential discord with the programmatic interest in providing benefits to the Alaska Native peoples of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands is minimized because of the nature of the communities themselves and because of internal and external recognition of these communities.
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From page 106... ...
In the Alaska CDQ program, the corporate organizing model has helped address the logistical hurdle posed by the extreme dispersion of the CDQ communities. The corporate organizational form has also complemented an initial focus on capital accumulation necessary to sustain a variety of development activities over the long term.
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From page 107... ...
The distinctiveness of the oversight role in the Alaska CDQ program is illustrated by comparison to other allocations effected by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council other allocations are not accompanied by a formal oversight role. A CDQ-style program could be fashioned without an oversight role, thus one question confronting those interested in possible application of the CDQ concept is whether to mimic the oversight functions of the Alaska program.
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From page 108... ...
However, the CDQ program is clearly not free of the vexing distributional issues associated with determinations of who is included and who is excluded. In the western Alaska CDQ program rules of inclusion and exclusion are determined at two distinct levels, the local level and the overall program level.
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From page 109... ...
Institutional structures also influenced program boundaries as evidenced by the exclusion of all coastal communities north of 66°N latitude for the simple reason that the Council's fishery management plan for the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands terminates at that latitude. The Council has no fishery management plan for the Chukchi Sea region, thus no active authority in the region and no ability to apply the CDQ program in the region (Oliver, 1993~.
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From page 110... ...
Assuming that a geographic community basis even makes sense in the first place, and that the emphasis is on community development for indigenous peoples, and that one wishes to address the distributional equity aspects of previous fishery development efforts, then community eligibility criteria similar to those employed in the Alaska program may be appropriate. In contrast, a program focused on community allocations as a fishery management tool (perhaps even applied to the entire TAC)
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From page 111... ...
Because both halibut and sablefish stocks in the region have been fully allocated into an IFQ program, this proposed route would be somewhat different than the current CDQ program. Currently, regulations in the halibut and sablefish IFQ program limiting the amount of quota share that any one entity can hold restrict the ability of CDQ-like groups to form and hold quota.
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From page 112... ...
In contrast, the IFQ program for the sablefish and halibut fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska allocated 100 percent of the available TAC. Expectations associated with the IFQ program are already strongly entrenched and subsequent reallocation of the TAC away from IFQs to CDQs would be politically contentious, if not impossible.
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From page 113... ...
Communities could combine to purchase IFQs for the purpose of conversion to a CDQ. Once created, this CDQ could be treated as a royalty engine for capital accumulation, as a participation block for local fishers, or could be divided into individual allocations on a locally determined loan basis similar to options being pursued in the existing western Alaska CDQ program.
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From page 114... ...
A CDQ program can enlist the services of the community' s best leaders to work for the community' s benefit, rather than toward private accumulation of wealth. Various transferability restrictions could be placed on an IFQ program to address intergenerational equity issues and the loss of community access.
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From page 115... ...
Finally, there is one additional aspect of the CDQ/IFQ relationship worth noting for future program designers. As evident in the royalty fisheries of the western Alaska CDQ program, there is no need to formally transform a CDQ into an IFQ to gain some of the operational benefits offered by an IFQ program.
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From page 116... ...
is the same mechanism that is employed in the IFQ program for the halibut and sablefish fisheries, and no one would seriously suggest that the IFQ program is an exercise in co- or community management. As noted earlier, the CDQ program was crafted to operate within the existing resource management structure of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council.
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From page 117... ...
These circumstances include the existing embrace of TAC management, an existing management structure with widespread legitimacy, existing community definitions, and existing familiarity with the corporate organizational form. In light of these circumstances, the Alaska CDQ program seems to be quite well tailored to the local context.
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