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The Participation of Young Women in Employment and Training Programs
Pages 462-486

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From page 462...
... In the absence of intervention, however, many young women will not have favorable labor market experiences. This is especially true for black women; the data indicate that labor force and employment conditions for black teenage women have been deteriorating over the past 25 years (Stormsdorfer, 1980; Swinton and Morse, 1983~.
From page 463...
... was passed in 1973, most of the existing youth programs were included in the consolidation of employment and training activities although they remained separate activities. In 1977 the Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act (YEDPA)
From page 464...
... Over 4.5 million youths enrolled in NYC between 1965 and 1972, and between 45 and 48 percent of them were young women. In the much smaller, residential Job Corps program, young women were only 27 percent of enrollees.
From page 465...
... Black and Hispanic women, whose CETA participation exceeded their representation in the population, participated at rates comparable to those of their male counterparts. The National Longitudinal Survey (NLS)
From page 466...
... The objective of the study was to identify possible differences and to determine which differences, if any, affected the probability of participation in government-sponsored employment and training programs (Simms and Leitch, 1983~. The Urban Institute study was based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Americans.
From page 467...
... For example, a comparison of 1977 youth enrollees in CETA with youths in the Current Population Survey reveals that while young men in general were more likely to be high school dropouts, the differences between men and women in CETA programs were somewhat greater, at least among whites: white male enrollees had dropout rates that were at least twice as high as those of white women who were enrolled in CETA programs (Bass)
From page 468...
... Another factor that might affect participation by young women is family responsibilities. Young women with children or other family responsibilities may not be able to participate in programs, either because they lack child care or because they cannot take time away from nonmarket work.
From page 469...
... Based on past studies of women's participation in adult programs, we expected to find that young women were less likely to participate in employment and training programs and that young women who did participate in programs were likely to be better qualified than their male counterparts. In our regression analysis, we found some evidence to indicate that young women were less likely to be enrolled in government-sponsored employment and training programs, other things
From page 470...
... On the one hand, it may mean that previous participants in programs were more adept at obtaining a slot in another program, and since women were less likely to have had that prior experience, they fared worse than their male counterparts. On the other hand, it may mean that sex differences in participation continue to exist and are similar in nature to those in existence prior to 1978 and the lagged variable is picking up this connection.
From page 471...
... 471 TABLE 7 Summary of Ordinary Least-squares Runs on Participation in Government Training, Post-1978, With Lagged Participation Variables Full Sample Males F Statistic Ba FB Statistic Females F B Statistic AGE79b-.01415.55*
From page 472...
... 472 TABLE 7 (continued) Variable Definitions AGE79 BLACK HISPANIC OTHERACE FAMINCOME SEX EMPLOYRATE1 EMPLOYRATE2 MARRIED DIVORCED DEPENDENTS HIGHGRADE1 HIGHGRADE2 WORKEXPECT NOWORK LIVEWITH1 LIVEWITH2 LIVEWITH3 FATHERGRAD1 FATHERGRAD2 MOTHERWORK1 MOTHERWORK2 FEMALEWK14 respondent's age in 1979 respondent's race; white is the omitted variable total family income of respondent's household in 1978 respondent's sex 1979 unemployment rate for labor market of current residence; rates under 6 percent is omitted variable marital status, single is omitted variable number of dependents in 1978 highest grade completed by respondent in 1978; less than high school is omitted variable work expectations in 5 years periods of no work in 1978 who individual lived with at age 14 highest grade completed by respondent's father; less than high school is omitted variable number of hours respondent's mother workedin 1978; zero hours omitted adult female in household worked for pay when respondent was 14
From page 473...
... The type of activity an individual is assigned to and the training received can affect postprogram outcomes. Support services, such as medical care, transportation, and child care, can affect the ability of an individual to enter or continue a program.
From page 474...
... They may be based on differences in the type of treatment deemed appropriate, given the individual's background, or they may be the result of differences in preferences between men and women. In their analysis of the type of skills training received, researchers at Ohio State University noted that young women in the NLS sample were more likely to receive classroom training -- be it college preparatory, skills training, or basic education -- and men were more likely to receive on-the-job training (Bows, 1983:126~.
From page 476...
... Young women from more disadvantaged families, who are the target group for government programs, are less likely to aspire to nontraditional occupations and, without encouragement, may be unlikely to pick employment or training slots in traditionally male fields. Berryman et al.
From page 477...
... . By 1978, the proportion wanting traditionally female jobs dropped to 60 percent, those desiring traditionally male jobs rose to 15 percent, and those seeking mixed jobs rose to 24 percent.
From page 478...
... A recent study using the Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey, however, found that the net earnings gains for women do not vary by program activity but are in the range of $800 to $1,300 for all programs. Moreover, the gains do not appear to decrease over time (Congressional Budget Office and National Commission for Employment Policy, 1982~.
From page 479...
... used the NLS to analyze the effect of CETA programs on school enrollment and unsubsidized job experience. They found that while CETA did seem to increase school enrollment among women and nonwhite men, it had very little positive effect on unsubsidized employment.
From page 480...
... One such study is the evaluation of the Job Corps conducted by Mathematica Policy Research Corporation (Mallar et al., 1980~. This study found that in addition to increasing employment and earnings, Job Corps also increased the probability of high school completion and college enrollment and decreased criminal behavior and welfare dependency.
From page 481...
... What may be of greater interest is that the program provides an effective set of support services, such as child care and housing assistance, that frequently are not available in other programs and are obviously felt to be needed by teenage mothers. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Government employment and training programs have been utilized by both young men and young women over the past 20 years.
From page 482...
... Most of these gains come from increased time employed, however, and not from higher wage rates. Evaluations of selected programs, like Job Corps, also reveal gains in such areas as educational attainment, reduced welfare dependency and criminality, and delayed family formation.
From page 483...
... Moreover, support services (like child care) need to be available to these women after they leave programs in order to increase their postprogram labor force participation.
From page 484...
... Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute O ' Stromsdorfer, E.W. 1980 The effectiveness of youth programs: an analysis of the historical antecedents of current youth initiatives.
From page 485...
... Linder 1980 Youth employment policy background material. In Vice President's Task Force on Youth Employment, A Review of Youth Employment Problems, Programs, and Policies.


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