Nature and Human Society The Quest for a Sustainable World (1997) / Chapter Skim
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INDEX A Acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517 Aesthetics, 72, 105, 112 Africa agriculture, geospatial information, 278, 279 tropical invertebrates, 204, 205, 209-210 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 469 economic organization, 408 exotic species, 326 geospatial information, 277-280 human population growth, 307 indigenous hunter-gatherers, 421, 424, 425 insects, tropical, 204-212 preserves, 375 systematics science, 378 trade relations, 398-399 see also specific countries African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, 208, 209 Agriculture, 64, 65, 73, 76, 414, 515 geospatial information, 278, 279 tropical invertebrates, 204, 205, 209-210 CGIAR, 359, 389, 508 605 Colombia, 489, 490 Costa Rica, 575 countryside biogeography, 109-112 crop diversity loss, 64, 65, 414, 415-416 exotic species, 327, 328-329 fungal damage, 157 global warming, 340 historical perspectives, 13, 64, 65, 73, 407, 415-416, 424-430 human population growth, 304-305 insects, environmental services, 67-68, 75, 436 maize, 65, 209-210 mites, 195 nematodes, 179, 181, 182, 184 pollution, 472, 553 seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509 slash-and-burn, 426-427, 522-523 soil factors, 226, 234, 235, 236, 245, 246, 472, 553 systematics research, 376 UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 351, 359, 389, 491 U.S., 75, 325, 329, 553 food globalization, 65-66 wheat, 64, 65 see also Rural areas
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Kalin, 530-542 Arthropods, number of species, 35, 38, 77, 232 233 see also Insects ASCEND 21, 347-348 Ascetospora, 142, 143 Asia human population growth, 305 knowledge-based economies, 408 systematics science, 378 see also Southeast Asia; specific countries Australia exotic species, 75, 326 fungi, 163 insects, 216 mites, 194- 195 soil, 236 systematics science, 378 Biogeography, see Geographic factors Biological control and remediation, 75, 242-249 exotic species, 330-331 fungi, 156 nematodes, 244-245 protists, 132 tropical invertebrates, 205, 207 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments, 54 Biological Survey for the Nation, A, 292 BioNET-INTERNATIONAL, 353, 354, 355 Biosphere 2 Research Center, 464 Biopolymers, 546, 547 Bioremediation, see Biological control and remediation Biotechnology, 65, 242, 376 biopolymers, 546, 547 environmental services via, 76, 107-108 fungi, 156-157 oil-eating bacteria, 544-545 soils, 242-249 see also Biological control and remediation; Medical applications Birds classification, 32 countryside biogeography, 111 exotic species, hybridization, 328 extinction, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 57, 58, 435 municipal parks, 588
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From page 607... ...
INDEX /607 number of species, 77, 590-591 speciation, 48 Bolivia, 565 Botanical Gardens Conservation International, 359 Bowker, Geoffrey, 291-300 Brazil, see Amazon Basin Brooks, Thomas, 46-62 Brown, Lester, 337 Brunei, fungal diversity, 159 Butman, Cheryl Ann, 84-103 C CAB INTERNATIONAL, 353 Canada, 16- 17, 74, 402 mites, 197-198 NAFTA, 328, 366-367, 593 Carbon and carbon cycling, 4, 66, 67, 74, 75 76, 91, 107, 108, 122, 124, 132, 235, 398, 414, 525, 527, 533-534, 540, 541 Costa Rican policy, 503-505 knowledge-based economies, 400, 408 see also Climate change Carson, Rachel, 14 Castro, Rene, 500-505 Cattle, see Ranching Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470 Center for Plant Conservation, 367 Central America, see Latin America; specific countries Charophyta, 145 Chemical prospecting, 543-550 see also Medical applications Chichilnisky, Graciela, 398-410 Chile, 535-542 China fungi, 163 human population growth, 310, 321 Chlorophyta, 144-145 Choanozoa, 141-142, 148 Chromista, 134-135, 140, 141, 143, 145-146, 149, 150 Chrysophyta, 143, 144, 145, 146 Chytridiomycota, 147, 148 Ciliophora, 142-143, 148 Cincotta, Richard, 303-314 Cities, see Urbanization Classification, 413-414 algae, 143-144, 147-148 bacteria, 31, 413 conservation biology, 24 conservation genetics, 265, 266-267 Costa Rican rain forests, 528, 577-578, 580581 databases, 32, 380-384, 589-592 ecosystems, 23, 288 environmental services, 107 ethnobotany, 438-441 extinction of species and, 51 eukaryotes, 30-45, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136 sequencing, 118, 120, 121, 124 fungi, 32, 140, 146, 160, 166-167, 169 genetic sequencing, 24, 85, 118-126, 183 Hawaii Biological Survey, 282, 285, 286, 288 historical perspectives, 31-32, 130 insects, 32, 33, 213, 215-217 mites, 192-196, 198-199 international programs, 351 -353 marine species, 84-86, 415 microorganisms, 31, 117-118, 130, 413 nematodes, 32, 176-177, 179-183, 186-188 population diversity, 77 public policy, 417 protists, 130, 131-135, 139, 140-151 seed banks, 370 soil, 228, 232, 235 synonyms, 32-34, 37, 136, 180, 214 systematics science, 376-377, 380-384 taxonomists, number of, 32 tropical invertebrates, Africa, 206-208 see also Inventories, species; Morphology; Systematics science Climate change, 73, 74, 96, 99, 106, 303, 304, 235, 339-340, 343, 474, 491, 533534, 570 Convention on Climate Change, 399-400, 491, 503-504, 505, 511, 567 Costa Rican policy, 503-505, 524, 525, 527 national security policy, 508 see also Carbon and carbon cycling Coastal areas, 92, 95, 98-100, 101 bioremediation, 246 coral reefs, 88-89, 99, 304, 414 global warming, 343 mites, 195, 196 Cohen, J., 316 Colombia, 58, 311, 424, 483-492, 565 Columbia Earth Institute, 464-465 Comision Nacional pare el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, 382, 383, 384, 579, 586
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efforts, 388, 389, 395-396, 557 utilitarian benefits of, 65-69, 73, 256, 264, 265, 524-526 see also Sustainable development Conservation medicine, see Medical applications Conservation strategies, other Africa, tropical invertebrates, 205-211 conservation biology and, 258-259, 260 Endangered Species Act, 81, 493-499, 602603 incentives, 414, 416-417, 502 indigenous peoples, 431-432 land preservation, 17 national parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603 marine species, 100-102 public support for, 31 see also International agreements; Policy Conservation value, 65-69, 73, 256, 264, 265, 524-526 see also Ecosystem services Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, 359, 389, 508 Convention on Biological Diversity, 329, 331, 348-349, 359-360, 387-397, 418, 439-440, 457, 566-571 Colombia, 485, 486, 490, 491-492 Costa Rica, 528, 573, 583 DIVERSITAS, 347, 349, 349-356, 379, 380, 384, 394 funding, 392, 561, 564-571 genetics, 561 Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558 Internet access, 387 Kew Seed Banks, 359, 365 property rights, 406-407 standards, 393-394 structure, 391-395, 560-561 systematics science, 374, 382 U.S. involvement, 388, 389, 395-396, 557 Convention on Climate Change, 399-400, 491, 503 504, 505, 511, 567 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 268, 436, 588, 593 Cost and cost-benefit factors Africa, training, 209 agricultural crop diversity decline, 414 Climate Change Convention, 504 developing countries, export dumping, 399 environmental services, 67 exotic species control, 328-329 fungal diversity assessment, 163 insect diversity assessment, 216-217 knowledge market, 404-405 nematode diversity assessment, 183, 187 seed banks, 358, 359 soil diversity assessment, 233 see also Funding Costa Rica, 381-382, 500-505, 521-529, 573585 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206, 207
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, 282, 283, 292, 581, 587, 592, 593, 594 geospatial information, 277 Global Resource Information Database, 277 Hawaii Biological Survey, 282-283 inventories, 588-594 Mexico, 587-594 National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300 priority areas, geospatial information systems, 276-280 seed banks, 370 systematics science, 380-384 taxonomic, 32, 380-384, 589-592 see also Internet De Leij, Frans, 242-251 Defense, see National security Demographic factors, see Population factors, human; Rural areas; Urbanization Deserts and desertification, 234, 235, 337 Kew Seed Bank, 351-367 Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603 nematodes, 184 Developing countries, general, 5-6, 51, 557-572 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 204-212 coastal areas, mega-cities, 99-100 developed countries, relations with, 398399, 409, 483-492, 500 505 human population growth, 304, 306, 322 Kew Seed Bank, 362 patent licensing to low-income groups, 404, 405 population factors, human, general, 304, 306, 322 sustainable development, 322, 534 535, 557 572 systematics science, 378-379 technological development, 315-316; see also Technology transfer see also Africa; Nongovernmental organizations; Latin America; World Bank; specific countries Diatomae, 146, 150 Dictyochae, 140, 145 Dinozoa, 141, 145, 148 Diversa Corporation, 527 DIVERSITAS, 347, 349, 349-356, 394 systematics science, 353, 379, 380, 384 DNA, 6, 23 conservation genetics, 268-269 insects, 215
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610/ INDEX microorganisms, 118 bacteria, 31, 118 mutation, 25 nematodes, 179, 182-183, 188 number of species, estimation, 31, 43 sequencing, 24, 85, 182-183, 215, 243 Drugs, see Medical applications E Earth Summit, 6, 347, 348, 484 see also Convention on Biological Diversity Economic factors, 5-6, 7, 8, 63, 74-75, 337-338, 514-518 Africa, 408 trade relations, 398-399 tropical invertebrates, 204-205, 206, 209-211 benefits of biodiversity, 65-66, 67-68, 74, 81, 105, 106, 107-108, 112, 401, 414 415, 489-490, 564 classification, 23, 288 Colombia, 489-490 Costa Rica, 500, 501 conservation biology, 65-69, 73, 256, 264, 265, 524-526 employment, 20, 337, 402, 458, 566 exotic species control, 328-329, 330 fisheries, 74, 471-472 fungi, 157 globalization, 12, 16, 17-19, 63, 398-400, 514-516 Gross Domestic Product, 18 Gross National Product, 490, 575 human population growth, 318-319 incentives, 414, 416-417, 502 indigenous peoples, 420-434 intellectual property rights, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415 knowledge markets, 400-410, 476 marine ecosystems, 89 mites, 195, 198, 199 national security policy, 509-510 natural capital, 471-480 nematodes, 179-180, 182 property rights, 399, 400, 401-402, 403, 404-408, 415, 430, 570 service economies, 402-403, 475-476 taxation, 414, 502, 504, 570, 571 tourism and recreation, 68, 102, 530, 535, 539, 564, 582, 589 see also Agriculture; Commercial applications; Cost and cost-benefit factors; Biotechnology; Developing countries; Funding; Globalization; Medical applications; Poverty; Sustainable development Ecosystems, 18, 22-23, 337 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206 conservation biology and, 257, 258, 262, 264 conservation medicine, 551-556 Convention on Biological Diversity, 390-391 defined, 22, 31 biotechnology, 242 exotic species, impact on, 326 327, 330 international programs, 351 knowledge markets, 400 marine, 89-91 National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300 soil biodiversity and, 225-230, 233-241 threatened, 80 see also Deserts and desertification; Forests and forestry; Freshwater species; Geographic factors; Habitats; Marine species Ecosystem services, see Environmental services Ecuador, 565 Education and training Africa, tropical invertebrates, 207-209 Colombia, 491 Costa Rica, 524-525, 580-581 conservation biology, 260, 261, 262 conservation genetics, 273 conservation medicine, 552 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470 Convention on Biological Diversity, 560-561 ethnobotany, 440-441 fungal diversity assessment, 160, 166-167, 169 Hawaii Biological Survey, 284-285, 286 intellectual property rights, 405 nematode diversity assessment, 186-187 seed banks, 367, 370-371 soil habitats, 235 wildland habitats, 524-525 see also Information dissemination; Public education; Technology transfer Ehrlich, Paul, 71-83 Eisner, Thomas, 543-550 Elder, Jane, 455-461
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, 504 forests, 343 fossil fuels, 398, 478; see also Climate change hydroelectric power, 503 marine environment, 87, 91, 92 metabolic processes, 2, 20, 120, 121-126, 127 soil-based organisms, 227, 246 247 photosynthesis, 4-5, 91, 92, 125-126, 141 Savannah, 342 urban areas, 13 Engelman, Robert, 303-314 Environmental Defense Fund, 497 Environmental services, 64, 65, 66-68, 74-76, 80-81, 105-107, 303 chemical prospecting, 543-549 conservation biology, 260, 265, 526, 528 countryside biogeography, 109-113 forests, 74, 75-76, 502, 509-510, 517, 526, 528, 530 fungi, 156, 157 insects, 67-68, 75, 208 marine ecosystems, 89, 91-92 mites, 193 national security policy, 509-510 pollution control, 132, 156, 157, 544 545 soil, 225, 226-227, 230, 235 see also Carbon and carbon cycling; Climate change; Nitrogen and nitrogen cycling Epstein, Paul, 551-556 Ethical issues, 46, 72, 104, 105, 256, 258, 259, 262, 265, 312, 344-345, 406, 415, 461, 467-468, 557, 573, 583, 597 Ethnobotany, 465 endangered species, 436-441 indigenous peoples, 422-434 Euglenozoa, 141, 143, 145, 148 Eukaryotic species, 30-45, 122, 123 classification, 30-45, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136 genetic sequencing, 118, 120, 121, 124 pathogens, 122, 132 protists vs. 130, 131 see also specific species Europe Africa, technology transfer, 208-209 countryside biogeography, 110 human population growth, 305, 307 systematics science, 378 see also United Kingdom European Union, 566-567 Evolution, 22-29 allopatric speciation, 48 birds, 48 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 466-467 conservation biology defined, 256, 258, 266 evolutionary distance, 120-121 extinction and, 47-48 host races, 27 marine species, 95-96 nematodes, 180 polypoidy, 26-27 protists, 131-132 speciation, 3, 24, 25-27, 47-48, 64 sympathetic speciation, 27, 28, 47-48 systematics science, 376-377 vertical, 24-25 see also Endemism; Mutation Exotic species, 75, 325-334, 436-437, 526, 535, 554 conservation biology, 258 countryside biogeography, 109 fish and fisheries, 327, 328, 329, 331, 414 415 insects, 330-331 Malpai Borderlands Group, 599-600 marine, 96, 99 nematodes, 179, 181, 233-234 plants, 75, 326-327, 330, 436-438 public education, 328-329 soil, 233-234 tourists transporting, 325, 328 Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification, 589
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species alive today, total number of, 41-43 statistical methodology, 157- 158, 166- 167 U.S., 325-329, 331 see also Threatened and endangered species F FAO, see UN Food and Agricultural Organization Federal government Canada, 16- 17 Chile, 535-542 Colombia, 483-492 Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585 geographic information systems, 292 Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-597 Mexico, 586-594 National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300 national security, 506-513 seed banks, 366-367 sustainability, general, 514-518 see also United States; terms beginning "U.S." Fire, 259, 326, 343, 431, 436, 471, 495, 497, 512, 514, 522, 525, 527, 528 lichen, 162 Malpai Borderlands Group, 597, 601, 602 slash-and-burn agriculture, 426-427, 522 523 Fish and fisheries, 90-91, 93, 94, 96, 97-98, 304, 337, 414 economic value, 74, 471 -472 exotic species, 327, 328, 329, 331, 414-415 freshwater, 328, 329, 414-415, 509 global warming, 339 international policy, 510 political factors, 17 Food and nutrition, 20, 108, 338, 389, 415 Africa, tropical insects, 204-205, 210 benefits of biodiversity, 65, 67-68 exotic species, impact on, 327, 328-329 fungal damage, 157 global warming, 340 indigenous hunter-gatherers, 304, 305, 401, 422-432 marine species, 87-88, 92 microorganisms, general, 118 protists, 132 sympathetic speciation, 27 see also Agriculture Food chain human population growth, 319 marine, 89-90, 93-94, 98 Foraminifera, 139 Foreign trade, see International trade Forests and forestry, 22-23, 414, 515, 537, 570 bird speciation, 48 bird extinction, 50-51, 57 deforestation, 19, 50-51, 54, 55-57, 58, 78, 111, 235, 339-340, 341-343, 414, 436, 521-522, 589 Costa Rica, 502 503, 504 extinction and, 19, 50-51, 54, 78, 436 indigenous peoples, 424, 426, 430-431 endangered species, 498 environmental services, 74, 75-76, 502, 509510, 517, 526, 528, 530 exotic species, 326-327 ionizing radiation, 341 mites, 193, 196, 197 - 198 nematodes, 184, 326-327 park preserves, 59, 521-529, 537-541, 570 sustainability, 483-492, 500-505, 521-542, 573-585 see also Tropical forests Framework Convention on Climate Change, see Convention on Climate Change Freshwater species, 515 exotic, 328, 329, 414-415 fish, 328, 329, 414-415, 509 fungi, 164-165, 171
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From page 613... ...
, 316 G Gamez, Rodrigo, 573-585 Gardens, 23, 378, 381, 462, 489, 591 ethnobotany, 440-441 Kew Seed Bank, 358-373 wildlands as, 521-529, 576, 579 GATT, see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gemmill, Barbara, 204-212 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade exotic species control, 328 WTO, 491 Genetics, 24, 264-275 conservation genetics, 264-275, 489, 588 Convention on Biological Diversity, 561 crop diversity loss, 64, 65, 414, 415-416 global climate change, 73 diversity, general, 17-18, 23-25, 73, 414 exotic species, hybridization, 328 genomes, 6, 25, 120, 124, 292, 380, 508, 528 historical perspectives, 13-14 marine biodiversity, 96 plant variability, 73, 75 population differentiation, 72-73, 77 RNA sequencing, 118-126 seed banks, 358-373 sequencing, 24, 85, 118-126, 182-183, 215, 243 soil bioremediation, 247 uniformity, dangers of, 64 value of population diversity, 72-73 see also Biotechnology; DNA; Evolution; Mutation Genomes, 6, 25, 120, 124, 292, 380, 508, 528 Genuine Progress Indicator, 18 Geographic factors conservation genetics, 265-272 country-side biogeography, 109- 113 extinction, 49-54 fungi, 157-158 geographical information systems (GISs) , 279, 282, 283, 292, 581, 587, 592, 593, 594 Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290 insects, number of, 38-39 isolated populations, 24 marine species, 91, 96 nematodes, 180-184, 187 plankton, 91
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L., 156-175, 347-357 Hay, David, 242-251 Heliozoa, 140 Henne, Gudrun, 387-397 Herren, Hans, 204-212 High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, 292 Historical perspectives, 4-5, 347 agricultural biodiversity, 13, 64, 65, 73, 407, 415-416, 424-430 biodiversity, concept of, 22-29 classification of species, 31 -32, 130 Costa Rica, 575-576 deforestation, 50-51, 58, 502 indigenous peoples, 424, 426, 430-431 economic benefits of biodiversity, 66-67 economic development, 338, 398 Endangered Species Act, 493-494 exotic species, 327 extinction, 40-43, 48, 50-51, 58, 59 globalization, 18, 398 Hawaii Biological Survey, 286 human population growth, 305-306, 308, 309, 310, 315, 318, 319-320 knowledge revolution, 398 Malpai Borderlands Group, 599 microorganisms, 117 - 118 mite species recorded, 199 national security policy, 506-507, 509, 510 511 natural capital destruction, 471 religion and sustainability, 446-454 scientific method, 11 14 species alive presently, number of, 40-43 urbanization, 13 Ho, W H., 156-175 Honeycut, Rodney, 264-275 Hong Kong, fungal diversity, 157, 158, 166-167, 514 How Many People Can the Earth Support?
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, 211, 288, 525, 527-528, 576, 577 579, 580-583 INBio-Merck, 503, 527-528, 581-582 India, 73, 321, 323 Indigenous peoples, 420-434, 562, 563 Colombia, 490 ethnobotany, 436-441 Indonesia, 382, 563, 566-567 Information dissemination, 14-15, 291-300 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206, 207, 208 Colombia, 487 Convention on Biological Diversity, 392, 561 ethnobotany, 440-441 exotic species, 328-329, 331-332 Hawaii Biological Survey, 284-288 knowledge markets, 400-410 Mexico, 586-595 National Biological Information Infrastructure, 291-300 see also Computer technology; Databases; Education and training; Gardens; Internet; Media; Museums; Public education; Technology transfer Information science, see Computer technology Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, 381-382 InterAmerican Biodiversity Information Network, 491 Interfaith Center, 453-454 Intergovernmental Conference of Experts on the Scientific Basis for Rational Use and Conservation of Resources of the Biosphere, 388 International agreements, 387-396, 418 Amazon Basin, 509-510 Convention on Climate Change, 399-400, 491, 503-504, 505, 511, 567 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 268, 436, 588, 593 Colombian biodiversity, 485, 487, 490-491 Costa Rican biodiversity, 528 exotic species control, 328-329, 331 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/ WTO, 328, 491 investment, 19, 570, 571 NAFTA, 3660367, 328, 593 see also Convention on Biological Diversity International Biodiversity Group, 526 International Botanical Congress, 506 International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, 207-208, 209, 210 International Conference on Population and Development, 516 International Cooperative Biodiversity Group, 528 International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) , 347, 349, 355-356 International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, 349 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 316 International organizations and programs, 288289, 347-357, 387-396 Africa, technology transfer, 209 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470 classification, 351-353 Colombia, 491 Kew Seed Banks (UK)
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616/ INDEX International Union of Biological Sciences, 347 Colombia, 488 DIVERSITAS, 347, 349, 349-356 International Union of Microbiological Societies, 349 Internet, 14 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 208 Area de Conservation Guanacaste, 521, 524, 525 CONABIO, 586, 593 Convention on Biological Diversity, 387 Costa Rica, forest conservation, 527-528, 587 Gap Analysis Program, 589 Hawaii Biological Survey, 285 High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, 292 Mexico, conservation ministry, 586, 587, 589 National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 292, 299 Nature Conservancy, 589 nematodes, 188 soil, 236-237 SPECIES 2000, 352 various, 589 World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 587 Ireland, mites, 195-196 Insecticides, see Pesticides Insects Africa, tropics, 204-212 agriculture, environmental services, 67-68, 75, 436 biological control, 243, 330-331 classification, 32, 33, 213, 215-217 mites, 192-196, 198-199 endemism, 28 environmental services, 67-68, 75, 208 exotic species, 330-331 fungal hosts, 159, 160 insecticides, 14, 207, 330, 472, 475, 546, 548 inventories, 35, 36, 38-39, 42, 213-222, 232, 531 mites, 192-203 nematode hosts, 179, 243-244 nocturnality, 111 oil-eating bacteria and, 544-545 soil, 232-233, 235 mites, 193, 199 sympathetic speciation, 27, 28 Islands and archipelagos endemism, 23, 28 extinction of species, 48, 49, 50, 52, 436 437 geographic speciation, 25, 27 see also specific islands Intellectual property, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415 Inventories, species, 14, 415, 422 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 205-206 algae, 35, 37, 38, 143-146, 232 arthropods, 35, 38, 77, 232-233 birds, 77, 590-591 Colombia, 486, 487-488 Costa Rica, 525, 577-578, 580-581 databases, 588-594 endangered species, 52 eukaryotes, 30-45 fungi, 35, 37, 38, 39-40, 146-148, 149, 232, 531 tropical, 40, 157 - 175 Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290 insects, 35, 36, 38-39, 42, 213-222, 232, 531 Mexico, 588-594 microorganisms, general, 117 mites, 194-200 nematodes, 35, 36-37, 38, 176-191, 232 plankton, 93, 141-142, 144 plantae, 35, 38, 39, 143, 144-145, 147-148, 149 protists, 35, 37, 38, 131, 138-143, 148, 149, 150, 232 soil, 227-233 see also Classification; Systematics science TUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on Biodiversity, see DIVERSITAS J Jacob, Francois, 11 Janzen, Daniel, 521-529 Japan, 436, 511 human population growth, 311 nematodes, 179, 326-327 Juma, Calestous, 387-397 K Kapitza, Sergey, 315-324 Kenya, 55 Kew Foundation, 358-373 Keynes, John Maynard, 18, 19
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From page 617... ...
INDEX/617 Koleff, Patricia, 586-595 Kyoto Protocol, see Convention on Climate Change L Labyrinthomorpha, 140, 147 Lamont Doherty Earty Observatory, 464 Land and Water Conservation Fund, 495 Land management, 17, 375, 414, 521-542 conservation biology and, 258-259, 260 Costa Rica, 501-502 endangered species, 495, 497-498 human rights and, 344-345 Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603 national parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521 529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603 see also Sustainable development Lane, Meredith, 291-300 Language extinction, 437-438, 515 Latin America Amazon Basin, 28, 343, 421, 427, 471, 509 510, 512 economic organization, 408 endemism, 52 exotic species, 326, 327 fungi, 40 global warming, 343 human population growth, 305, 308 indigenous peoples, 421, 424, 425 insects, 207 nematodes, 182 systematics science, 378 trade relations, 398-399 see also specific countries Legislation, 5, 460 Colombia, 486, 490=491 Costa Rica, 577 Endangered Biodiversity Act (proposed) , 81 Endangered Species Act, 27, 493-499, 602 603 exotic species control, 328-329 Indonesia Conservation Act, 566 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 11 Library of Congress, 1 Lichen-forming fungi, 160, 161, 162, 164, 168 169, 341 Linares, Olga, 420-434 Linnaeus, Carl, 438-439 Lovejoy, Thomas, 401, 506-513 Lynch, James, 242-251 M MacArthur Foundation, 273 Macromycetes, 161, 168 Maize, 65, 209-210 Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603 Malthus, Thomas, 318 Mammals extinction rates, 59 marine, 86-87, 90, 93, 94-95, 98 Marine species, 84-103, 126, 144, 415, 515 benthos, 87-88, 89, 93-94, 95, 98, 139 nematodes, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184 classification, 84-86, 415 conservation strategies, 100- 102 corals, 88-89, 99, 304, 414 deep-sea, 85-86 Endangered Species Act, 494 energy needs, 87, 91, 92 environmental services, 89, 91-92 exotic, 326, 328, 329 food chain, 89-90, 93-94, 98 foraminifera, 139 geographical factors, 91, 96; see also Coastal areas mammals, 86-87, 90, 93, 94-95, 98 mites, 196 number of species, general, 35, 38, 40 photosynthesis, 91, 92 plants, 88, 91-92 plankton, 88, 91-94, 99 number of, 93, 141-142, 144 pollution, 472 public education, 101, 102 turtles, 95, 98, 494 see also Fish and fisheries Mass media, see Media May, Robert, 30-45 McDonald, William, 596-603 McNeely, Jeffrey, 557-572 Media, 13, 14-15 Medical applications, 65, 66, 73, 106, 376, 415, 475, 507 509, 510, 527-528, 543 544, 571, 587 conservation medicine, 551-556 Costa Rica, INBio-Merck contract, 503, 527-528, 581-582 ethnobotany, 465 fungi, 156-157 genomes, 6, 25, 120, 124, 292, 380, 508, 528 human population growth, 304, 305, 311 312
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A., 176-191 National Biological Information Infrastructure, 291-300 National Biological Survey, 284, 287 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 497 National Forum on BioDiversity, 1, 6, 22, 456 National parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521-529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603 funding, 521, 566-567 National security, 506-513 National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 292 Nature and Human Society: The Quest for A Sustainable World, 514 The Nature Conservancy, 281, 284, 457, 521, 566, 598, 599 Nematodes agriculture, 179, 181, 182, 184 benthic, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184 biological control, 244-245 classification, 32, 176-177, 179-183, 186188
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M., 192-203 Organizational factors, 417 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 463-470 Colombian biodiversity, 485-486 conservation biology, 258-261 Convention on Biological Diversity, 391395, 560-561 countryside biogeography, 108, 112 nematode classification, 179- 180 see also Government role; Policy; Religion Organization for Biodiversity Information, 289 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 19 Opalinata, 140-141, 148 Our Common Future, 6, 17, 389-390 Our Stolen Future, 516 Ozone layer depletion, see Ultraviolet radiation p Pace, Norman, 117 - 129 Pacific islands bird extinctions, 48 global warming, 343 Paleobiology, see Fossil record Palms, fungal habitat, 157, 158, 163-164, 170 Panama, 565 Pandanus, 164, 171 Papua New Guinea, 563-564 Parabasala, 141 Parasites, 131, 132, 135, 139-143 (passing) , 148, 552-553 nematodes, 177, 179-180, 181, 182-183, 184, 185, 243-245 plant, 177, 179, 243-245, 326-327
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From page 620... ...
620 / INDEX soil, general, 227, 235 tropical invertebrates, 205 see also Mites Parks, see Municipal parks; National parks and preserves Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy, 384 Patents, see Intellectual property Pathogens eukaroytes, 122, 132 exotic species, 327 fungal, 157, 163, 164, 165 mites, 192 - 193 nematodes, 177, 179-180, 181 protists, 141, 148, 149 soilborne, 229-230 Pearl, Mary, 462-470, 551-556 Percolozoa, 140 Peru, 28, 76, 563 Pesticides, 14, 207, 330, 472, 475, 546, 548 Phaeophyta, 146 Pharmaceuticals, see Medical applications Philippines, 563, 565-566 Photosynthesis, 4-5, 125-126, 141 bacterial, 121, 124 marine, 91, 92 Phytoplankton, see Plankton Pimm, Stuart, 46-62 Plankton, 88, 91-94, 99 number of, 93, 141-142, 144 Plantae, 147-148 bamboo, 164, 171, 428 databases, 589, 591-592 environmental services, 75-76 ethnobotany, endangered species, 438-441 indigenous peoples, 422-434 exotic species, 75, 326-327, 330, 436-438 extinction, 64, 358, 435-442 genetic variability, 73, 75 indigenous hunter-gatherers, 422-427 ionizing radiation, 341 marine, 88, 91-92 medicines, plant-based, 66, 415, 508, 587 Mexico, 589, 591-592 mite parasites, 193, 195 nematode parasites, 177, 179, 243-245, 326 327 number of species, 35, 38, 39, 143, 144-145, 147-148, 149 palms, fungal habitat, 157, 158, 163-164, 170 photosynthesis, 4-5, 91, 92, 125-126, 141 protists, 134, 135, 143, 144-145 seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509 systematics science, 378, 382-383, 384; see also Ethnobotany see also Agriculture; Forests and forestry PLANTS National Database, 589 Pokras, Mark, 551-556 Political factors, 16-17, 104-105, 337, 338, 339, 388, 460, 461, 601 land preservation, 52, 576 Policy, 481-603 classification, 417 Colombia, 483-492 conservation biology, 258-259, 262 conservation genetics, 273 conservation medicine, 554 Costa Rica, 500-505, 573-585 countryside biogeography, 112 exotic species control, 328-332 extinction, 52, 54, 59, 80-81 fisheries, 510 funding, 521, 566-567 human rights, 344-345 incentives, 414, 416-417, 502 indigenous peoples, 431-432 intellectual property rights, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415 national parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603 natural security and, 506-513 population growth, 321 -324 private vs public goods, 400, 403, 406-407 scientific and technological infrastructure, 337-410, 483-484 social infrastructure, 411-480 U.S. policy on sustainability, 514-518 see also Government role; International agreements; International organizations and programs; Legislation; Sustainable development Pollution, 14, 516-517, 553 acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517 agricultural, 472, 553 Costa Rican policy, 504 environmental services, control of, 132, 156, 157, 544-545 freshwater, 304, 414-415, 509 fungi, 156 marine, 94, 96, 98, 472 oil-eating bacteria, 544-545 protists, 132 soil, 226, 246-249, 472, 553 see also Air pollution
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From page 621... ...
fossil record, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140-150 (passim) number of species, 35, 37, 38, 131, 138-143, 148, 149, 150, 232 pathogens, 141, 148, 149 plants and, 134, 135, 143, 144-145 pollution, 132 research funding, 151 see also specific species Public education, 2, 31, 417, 455-461, 583 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 467-469 Colombia, 491 conservation medicine, 554 Convention on Biological Diversity, 561 exotic species control, 328-329 marine biodiversity, 101, 102 media, 13, 14-15 wildland habitats, 524-525, 583 see also Internet; Media Prance, Ghillean, 358-373 Psuedofungi, 147, 148 R Radiozoa, 140, 150 Rainforest Alliance, 526 Ranching, 522-523, 526-527 Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603 Raphidophyta, 146 Rapid biodiversity assessment, fungi, 158 - 172 Reagan, Ronald, 389 Recreation, see Tourism and recreation Red Data Books, 42 Regional issues conservation genetics, 269-270 geospatial information systems, 278 population diversity, 75 systematics science, 383 see also specific regions Religion, 20, 112, 443-454, 458, 461 indigenous peoples, 429 Remote sensing, 89 satellite technology, 292, 589 Research and Development Center of Biology (Indonesia)
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From page 622... ...
622 / INDEX Rhodophyta, 144, 148 Rio Condor Proj ect, 535 - 542 Rio Conference, see Convention on Biological Diversity RNA sequencing, 118-126 Rodriguez, Sandra, 573-585 Rogo, Lucie, 204-212 Rosenthal Center for Alternative/ Complementary Medicine, 465 Rural areas, 13, 416, 502, 583 countryside biogeography, 109-112 indigenous peoples, 420-434 Kew Seed Bank, 362 see also Agriculture Russonello, John, 455-461 S Samper, Christian, 483-492 Sampling fungi, 163- 171 insects, 217 Kew Seed Bank, 358-373 marine, 86, 91 mites, 195, 196, 198 nematodes, 187-188 soil, 228, 236, 242 Santa Rosa National Park, 521-529 Satellite technology, 292, 589 Schnase, John, 291-300 Schubel, Jerry, 84- 103 Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 237, 347 SCOPE, 349 Sediment, see Soils and sediment Seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509 Serageldin, Ismail, 413-419 Sherman, David, 551-556 Silberschatz, Abraham, 291-300 Silent Spring, 14, 516 Simberloff, Daniel, 325 334 Singh, Ashbindu, 276-280 Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservation, 525, 576-579, 581, 582-583 Smith, Roger, 358-373 Smithsonian Institution, 1, 3, 287, 389 Soberon, Jorge, 586-595 Soil and sediment, 67 agriculture, 226, 234, 235, 236, 245, 246, 472, 553 algae, 232 bacteria, 228, 232 biodiversity, general, 225-241, 351 biological control/remediation, 242-251 biotechnology, 242-249 classification, 228, 232, 235 ecosystems and soil biodiversity, 225-230, 233-241 endemism, 233 energy, soil-based organisms, 227, 246 247 environmental services, 225, 226-227, 230, 235 exotic species, 233 234 fungi, 229-230, 232, 234, 244 geographical factors, 227-228, 232 insects, 232-233, 235 mites, 193, 199 Internet, 236-237 inventories, 227-233 metabolic processes, soil-based organisms, 227, 246-247 microorganisms, 139, 229-230, 246-248 molecular biology, 228, 229-230, 246-247 nematodes, 176-185 (passim) , 232, 233-235, 236, 243-245, 246 benthic, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184 parasites, general, 227, 235 pathogens, 229-230 pollution, 226, 246-249, 472, 553 protists, 139 sampling, 228, 236, 242 slash-and-burn agriculture, 426 see also Benthos; Deserts and desertification South Africa, 564 South America, see Latin America; specific countries Southeast Asia, 514 agricultural biodiversity, 73 conservation genetics, 273 extinctions, 54 indigenous peoples, 425-426 national security policy, 510 Southern Africa Botanical Network, 382-383 Speciation, see Evolution Species, number of, see Inventories SPECIES 2000, 351-353 Squibb ICGB, 528 Standards Convention on Biological Diversity, 393-394 knowledge-based economies, 409 soil sampling, 236 Star, Susan Leigh, 291-300 Statistical methodology countryside biogeography, 110 endemism, 51, 52
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From page 623... ...
E., 156-175 Technological factors, 12, 13-14, 85 Africa, tropical invertebrates, 208-209 Convention on Biological Diversity, 395396, 561 developing countries, 315-316; see also Technology transfer dysfunctional, 337-338 human population growth, 305, 311-312, 315-316, 318-319, 338 intellectual property, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415 knowledge-based economies, 398-410, 415 microorganisms, classification, 117- 122 remote sensing, 89 satellite technology, 292, 589 seed banks, 367-371 see also Computer technology; Education and training; Globalization; Pesticides Technology transfer, 208-209, 348, 360, 365, 367, 370-371 Convention on Biological Diversity, 561 human population growth, 306, 319 seed banks, 370 Telecommunications, see Internet; Media Thailand, fungi, 162, 165 Threatened and endangered species chemical prospecting, 546-549 Colombia, 488, 489 birds, 57-58, 59, 497 conservation genetics, 266, 268 Endangered Species Act, 81, 493-499, 602603 ecosystems, 80 ethnobotany, 435-442 hunting of, 85 language extinction compared to, 437-438 Malpai Borderlands Group, 599-603 management, 54 Mexico, 588 number of, 52 trade controls, CITES, 268, 436, 588, 593 Tourism and recreation, 68, 102, 530, 535, 539, 564, 582, 589 exotic species introduced by travelers, 325, 328 Trade, see Globalization; International trade Training, see Education and training
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From page 624... ...
624 / INDEX Trillium Corporation, 535 Tropical forests, 19, 23, 111, 521 Amazon Basin, 28, 343, 421, 427, 471, 509510, 512, 534 Chile, 535-542 Colombia, 490 Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585, 601 countryside biogeography, 110 economic value of biodiversity, 66, 67 environmental services, 74, 75-76, 502, 509510, 517, 526, 528, 530 extinction/habitat fragmentation, 55-57, 59, 78-80, 414, 436 indigenous peoples, 424, 426, 430-431 fungi, 40, 156-175, 531 geospatial information, 279 insects, 38, 111, 204-212, 216-217 mites, 199 models, ecosystem, 534-535 national security policy, 509-510 slash-and-burn agriculture, 426-427, 522 soil species, 233 sustainability, 483-492, 500-505, 521-542, 573-585 sympathetic speciation, 28 Turtles, 95, 98, 494 U Uganda, 51-52 Ultraviolet radiation, 64, 341, 508, 5654 Ulvophyta, 144, 145 UN Climate Convention, see Convention on Climate Change UN Commission on the Environment and Development, 17 UN Conference on Development and the Environment, 321, 390 UN Conference on Human Environment and Action Plan, 3880389 UN Development Program, 360 Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558 UN Environment Programme, 276, 277, 349, 359, 378, 400 Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558 see also Convention on Biological Diversity UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 351, 359, 389, 491 Union for the Conservation of Nature, 268 United Kingdom birds, endemism, 51 fungi, 39, 158, 159 Kew Seed Bank, 358-373 mites, 195 - 196 soil, 237 United Nations, 17, 504 Earth Summit, 6, 37, 348 human population projections, 304-305, 307-313 see also Convention on Biological Diversity; terms beginning "UN..." United States, 514-518 agriculture, 75, 325, 329, 553 food globalization, 65-66 CBD, 388, 389, 395-396, 557 Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470 climate change, 505 coastal fisheries, 344 conservation biology, 259, 260, 261, 269 270 drylands, 362, 363 education in, 207, 462-470 endangered species, 81, 493-499, 600, 602 603 exotic species, 325-329, 331 forests, 72 knowledge assets, 402, 405, 409-410 Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603 mites, 195, 197 NAFTA, 328, 366-367, 593 National Biological Information Infrastructure, 291-300 national security, 506-513 Nature Conservancy, 281, 284, 457, 521, 566, 598, 599 plant-based medicines, 66 population vs resources, 4-5, 305 post-Cold War environment, 16 religious factors, 447-448, 450-453 salamanders, 50 seed banks, 362, 363, 366 soil biodiversity, 232, 233 234 species-rich countries, by rank and number, 558 systematics science, 375, 379, 384 taxonomic training, 207 value of environmental resources, 67-68, 72, 108 see also Hawaii; terms beginning "U.S." UN Scientific, Educational, and Cultural Organization, 349, 388
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From page 625... ...
Environmental Protection Agency, 108 V Valdes, Ana Elena, 573-585 Vegetation, see Agriculture; Forests and forestry; Plantae; Seeds and seed banks Veltre, Thomas, 15 Venezuela, 54 nematodes, 183 Virginia, Ross, 225-241 Viruses, 229-230 W Wall, Diana, 176-191, 225-241 Water resources, 5, 20, 54, 67, 74-75, 106, 107, 108, 414, 489 acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517 Costa Rican watersheds, 503 pollution, 472 soil biodiversity, 227 see also Freshwater species; Marine species Wetlands, 98, 389, 489, 540, 541 environmental services, 67, 74 Everglades, 54 Wildlife Conservation Society, 462, 464 Wildlife Preservation Trust International, 462, 464 Wirth, Timothy, 514-518 Wilson, Edward, 14, 22-29, 30, 35, 206, 401, 555 Woodwell, George, 337-346 World Bank, 360, 413, 416-419 Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558 World Commission on Environment and Development, 389-390 World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 277, 587 World Conservation Union, see International Union for the Conservation of Nature World Resources Africa Data Sampler, 277 World Resources Institute, 347 World Trade Organizations, 491 World Wildlife Fund, 80, 400, 457, 502, 516, 566, 516, 567 World Wide Web, see Internet X Xylariacea, 162 z Zambia, 564 Zoos, 23, 378, 489
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