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From page 305... ... Index A Ability to pay principle, 10, 17, 27, 86-89 Academic performance. See also Outcomes, educational; Performance standards assessment of, 59, 61, 62, 253, 264-265 class size and, 234 environmental factors, 266-269, 271-273 foundation program formulas and, 261 gaps, 289 issues, 2, 65 resource allocation and, 7, 9, 14-15, 25, 152, 234, 266 school, 221 school district, 221, 266-269, 274 Accountability systems, 59, 159, 192, 200 Adequacy, educational assigning costs to, 238, 242-246 compliance with, 58-59, 202 concept, 2, 12, 21-24, 58, 179-180, 188189, 209, 211, 214 costs of, 23 court definitions of, 58, 59, 68, 193-199, 215-216, 217 definitional challenges, 214-232 early legal thinking, 179-182 emergence of movement, 2, 3, 175-176, 188-189 305 empirical models of, 192, 206, 216, 218, 223, 224-228, 254-255 equal opportunity and, 14, 16 equity and, 22-24, 27, 63-64, 204, 209 formulas for distributing funds, 211 future of, 205-207 historical context, 211 individual district circumstances and, 246 251 learning objectives, 215-232 legal standard, 2, 23, 24, 25, 189-193 legislation, 24, 198, 199-205 litigation, 22, 47, 51-52, 55-56, 58, 59-60, 63, 65, 175, 188-199, 211, 212-213 and local control issue, 198-199 and outcomes, 58, 200-201, 251-254 professional judgment model, 191-192, 201, 206, 218, 222, 223, 225, 232-241 quantification, 22, 25, 188-189; see also Performance standards race-based litigation and, 176- 179 research, 23 and spending, 211, 212-213 statistical models of, 192-193, 206, 216, 219-224, 229-230, 231, 232, 254 vertical equity as, 23 voter preference-tax price methodology, 222, 231, 254 Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... See Equity concepts Co-NECT, 230 Connecticut litigation, 42, 67, 69, 212 reforms, 73, 80-81 spending on education, 80-81, 212 Consistency Management and Cooperative Discipline (CMCD) , 230 Consortium for Policy Research in Education, 103 Consumer Price Survey, 247 Contracting for services, 153 Core Knowledge Curriculum, 230 Cost functions, 21, 29 Cost indexes, education, 221 adjusted input prices, 270-271 Barro index, 84-85 calculation, 269-282 Chambers' Teachers' Cost Index, 29, 84-85 comparison of, 277-282 Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... Meskill, 42, 67 Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, 182 Keyes v. Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... See also Special-needs students; Urban school districts; Weights/weighting standards and academic performance, 15, 28, 226227, 266-269, 271-273 Data availability issue, 11, 24-25 Data Envelopment Analysis, 29, 275, 293 Demographics of school finance impacts of reforms, 87-88 politics and, 139, 153-154 Desegregation, school, 36, 66, 143, 177-179, 187-188, 205 District power equalization, 17, 38, 46, 49, 50, 57, 81, 83, 94, 184-185; see also Guaranteed tax base District response to reforms. See also Local school districts; Resource allocation, reform-related decision-making models, 100, 102- 103, 113 Equal protection expenditure models, 100, 101-102, 128 concept, 14 incentives for spending, 111 institutional theory, 128 cost adjustments, 266-269, 270, 271 Equal opportunity, 22, 64, 166 concepts of equity, 8, 13-16, 24, 50 ex ante and ex post definitions, 13-14 income disparity and, 15 individual characteristics and, 15 issues, 2 legal concepts, 14 measures of, 111 minimum-attainment definition, 16 movement, 143-144 per-pupil expenditures and, 16, 35-36, 149 political issues, 151, 163 resource/achievement controversy, 14-15 litigation based on, 35-36, 43, 48, 54, 55, 56, 61, 66-67 Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... See Wealth neutrality Florida impact of reforms, 82 litigation, 44, 60, 175, 199 politics, 142-143 Formulas for distributing funds centralized, 82-83, 84 cost indexes in, 282-291 design considerations, 9, 146, 216, 218-232 district power equalizing (DPE) , 17-18, 28, 38, 46-47, 49, 50-51, 81, 83, 94, 184184 district response to, 9-10, 104 ex ante concepts, 12, 13, 17 ex post concepts, 12-13 expenditure-based, 287, 288-289 309 foundation, 104, 105-106, 107, 112, 132, 168, 190-191, 200, 211, 214, 225-226, 282-291 guaranteed tax base (GTB) Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... See also Cost of education decision making, 237-238 components, 224, 228-232 model program, 224 resource allocation for, 101, 115, 119, 120, 233-238, 239-240 Interest groups, 142, 143, 144- 145, 153, 157, 158, 164, 165, 167 Intergovernmental grant theory, 100, 101 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 251 K Kansas INDEX spending on education, 213 Kentucky adequacy standard, 22, 23, 58, 62, 64, 68, 167, 175, 195, 196, 198, 200-201, 203, 206, 215, 216 constitution, 155 context for reforms, 156-157 district response to reforms, 103, 104, 128 education reform, 129 impacts of reforms, 90, 104-112, 156, 200 201 litigation, 42, 58-59, 69, 90, 104, 149, 155, 167, 195, 196, 198, 203, 206, 212, 215 politics of school finance reform, 155-157, 166, 167, 200 Pritchard Committee for Academic Excellence, 157, 159, 167 reforms, 59, 64, 73, 90, 104, 106-107, 112, 128, 133, 149, 156, 200 resource allocation changes, 112, 114-115, 116, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 128, 163, 195, 230 revenue changes, 104-112, 156 spending on education, 212 L litigation, 44 reforms, 73, 94 Legislation, federal. See also specific statutes significant years for, 26 vertical-equity-based, 21 Legislation, state achievement of equity through, 4 politics of, 142-143, 144, 145, 147, 156, 159 responsiveness to court-mandated reforms, 49, 50-51, 56, 63-64 Leveling-up issue, 111, 138-139, 145, 150, 161, 186 Litigation, school finance. Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... INDEX Local control issue, 138, 151, 164, 198-199 Local school districts. See also District response to reforms consolidation of, 161, 164 cost functions, 21, 239-241 enrollments, 293 horizontal equity, 19-20 impact of reforms, 78-80, 84-86 Missouri inter-district equity, 21, 180 intra-district equity, 11, 65, 180 low-household-income districts, 84, 86-89 measures of equity between, 111 revenues, 78-80, 104-112 role in finance, 1, 8 spending, 76 as unit of analysis, 11, 20, 22, 25 vertical equity, 20-21, 29, 58 Louisiana, litigation, 46, 175 M Maine, litigation, 44, 60 Maryland, litigation, 45, 55-56, 67 Massachusetts, 28 constitution, 66 cost of education, 212, 289, 292 litigation, 42, 59, 175, 212 reforms, 73, 146, 149 McLooneindex, 19, 111, 114 McMahon and Chang's Cost of Living Index, 21, 84-85 Measures of inequality coefficient of variation, 19, 76, 85, 110 111, 114 federal range ratio, 19, 110, 114 Gini coefficient, 19, 27, 76, 110- 111, 114 McLooneindex, 19, 111, 114 95/5 ratio, 76, 77, 85, 110, 144, 170 restricted range, 110, 114 simple correlation, 111, 114 test scores, 83 Theil index, 19-20, 76-77, 78, 85, 86, 95 Michigan cost of education, 212, 278 equity analyses, 19, 21 litigation, 44, 212 politics, 142-143 reforms, 74, 146 Minnesota constitution, 66 impact of reforms, 82 311 litigation, 45, 50, 55-56, 60, 175, 199, 212 politics, 142-143 spending on education, 212 Mississippi constitution, 169 cost of education, 226, 255 spending on education, 213 litigation, 42, 170, 176-177, 213 reform, 43, 66 spending on education, 213 Modern Red Schoolhouse, 230 Montana litigation, 42, 69, 212 reforms, 73, 145 spending on education, 212 N A Nation at Risk, 21-22, 146, 147, 186 National Academy of Education, 253 National Alliance for Restructuring Education, 230 National Assessment Governing Board, 253 National Center for Education Statistics, 19, 86, 95, 154 Common Core of Data, 25 National Commission on Excellence in Education, 147 National Conference of State Legislators, 144 National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 91 National Governors' Association, 159 National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972, 90-91 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 84 National reform network, 144-145 Nebraska, litigation, 44 New American Schools, 230 New Hampshire litigation, 42, 175, 196-197, 199, 212 reforms, 73, 148 spending on education, 212 New Jersey adequacy standard, 22, 175, 193, 195, 202204, 206, 254 constitution, 66, 73 district response to reforms, 103, 104, 129 education reform, 129 enforcement of reforms, 145, 163 Hands Across New Jersey, 164 impact of reforms, 82, 99, 104- 112, 113 Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... See Academic performance; Education standards; Student outcome assessments cost indexes and, 262-264 court ordered, 260 criterion-references, 253 cutoff points, 256 educational adequacy and, 59 external influences, 260-261, 265-266 movement, 186-187 national testing, 206 norm-referenced, 252-253 reform linked to, 1-2, 59, 260 school district, 274 and spending for education, 126 Politics of school finance, 61. See also individual states and analysis of school finance equity, 11 anti-government/anti-tax sentiment and, 152-153, 157, 158, 159-160, 161, 164, 165-166 demographics and, 139, 153-154, 160 education excellence and, 146-147, 157 and enforcement of reforms, 145, 163 Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... See also Spending on education and academic performance, 7, 9, 14-15, 25, 152 for administration, 101, 115, 120, 121, 239 241, 245 for capital outlay, 115- 119, 121 categorical grants, 101, 104, 130, 234, 235, 236, 239-241 decision-making models, 102- 103, 113, 127, 128, 129-130, 131 design considerations, 216, 221 direct educational expense, 115- 119 and educational outcomes, 25, 90-91 for extended school services, 104, 119, 124 126, 126, 130 for facilities, 124-125, 126, 127, 129 for fixed costs, 115, 121 for instruction, 101, 115, 119, 120, 233 238, 239-240 models, 100-103 operations and maintenance, 115- 119, 120 public trust issue, 152 research needs on, 130- 132 for special needs students, 104, 110, 119, 120, 124-125, 126, 148, 235-237, 246 for staff development, 121, 122- 123, 126, 235, 239-241 standards-driven, 129-130 for supplies and equipment, 101, 124- 125, 126, 128, 245 for tax relief, 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 145-146 for teacher/staff salaries, 52, 85, 99, 101, 102, 103, 121, 122-123, 126, 130, 238, 239-241, 242-245, 246 transportation, 115- 119 trends, 84-86, 93, 127-129 tuition for out-of-district placements, 115 119 unrestricted general aid, 101 urban districts, 99, 119 vertical equity, 20 Restricted range statistic, 110, 114 Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... See also Formulas for distributing funds district response to, 100- 103, 105- 109; see also Resource allocation, reform-related intergovernmental grant theory, 101 per-pupil aid, 78-80, 88, 105 policy implications, 127- 130 and price of education, 80-82 research implications, 130-132 and school district revenues, 109-112 trends, 105 State court litigation. See also Court cases; Impacts of reforms; individual states education clauses, 35, 43, 44, 46, 50, 52, 54,55,56,58,60,66,67,73, 149, 189190 educational adequacy claim, 22, 47, 51-52, 55-56, 59-60, 62, 63-64, 65, 68, 175, 183, 188-193 equal protection challenges, 35-36, 43, 48, 50, 54, 55, 56, 61, 66-67, 72-73, 143144, 149, 183, 199 equity cases, 65, 68, 179-180, 182-183, 190 fiscal neutrality standard (Coons Proposition I) Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... claims, 36-37 Utah, reforms, 74, 82, 145 V Variance decomposition, 76 Vermont litigation, 42, 61, 65, 183 reforms, 61-62, 73 Vertical equity, 20-21, 23, 24, 29 litigation based on, 36-37, 54-55 Virginia, litigation, 37, 44, 60 Voucher programs, 153, 164 W Washington constitution, 194 impacts of reforms, 148 litigation, 43, 47, 52, 53, 69, 193-194 reforms, 73 Wealth as a suspect classification, 39, 43 Wealth neutrality, 27, 63 concept in school finance equity, 16-18, 24, 28 equal opportunity and, 14 federal litigation, 37-39, 66 measures of, 17-18, 28, 111-112 research, 18 shift away from, 183- 188 state litigation based on, 46, 47, 48, 50-51, 54, 55, 56-57, 61, 63, 67, 144, 146, 149, 175, 181-182, 183, 205 unit of analysis, 17 Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... 316 Weights/weighting students, 21, 29, 57, 104, 148, 168-169, 184, 261, 271, 283 West Virginia adequacy standard, 194, 215, 216, 220 litigation, 43, 47, 52-53, 57, 69, 194, 195, 215 reforms, 52-53, 73 spending on education, 212 Whole School Design, 230 Wisconsin cost of education, 220, 221, 255, 278 litigation, 45, 55-56, 68, 212 INDEX reforms, 73, 94 spending on education, 212 Wyoming adequacy standard, 198, 215, 217 230-251 cost indexes, 247-250, 271 legislation, 200, 204 litigation, 43, 56, 60-61, 69, 175, 198, 212, 215, 218 reforms, 61, 62, 64, 73, 145, 192, 200 spending on education, 81, 212, 255 218, 220, Read the entire page →

From page 305...

... Index A Ability to pay principle, 10, 17, 27, 86-89 Academic performance. See also Outcomes, educational; Performance standards assessment of, 59, 61, 62, 253, 264-265 class size and, 234 environmental factors, 266-269, 271-273 foundation program formulas and, 261 gaps, 289 issues, 2, 65 resource allocation and, 7, 9, 14-15, 25, 152, 234, 266 school, 221 school district, 221, 266-269, 274 Accountability systems, 59, 159, 192, 200 Adequacy, educational assigning costs to, 238, 242-246 compliance with, 58-59, 202 concept, 2, 12, 21-24, 58, 179-180, 188189, 209, 211, 214 costs of, 23 court definitions of, 58, 59, 68, 193-199, 215-216, 217 definitional challenges, 214-232 early legal thinking, 179-182 emergence of movement, 2, 3, 175-176, 188-189 305 empirical models of, 192, 206, 216, 218, 223, 224-228, 254-255 equal opportunity and, 14, 16 equity and, 22-24, 27, 63-64, 204, 209 formulas for distributing funds, 211 future of, 205-207 historical context, 211 individual district circumstances and, 246 251 learning objectives, 215-232 legal standard, 2, 23, 24, 25, 189-193 legislation, 24, 198, 199-205 litigation, 22, 47, 51-52, 55-56, 58, 59-60, 63, 65, 175, 188-199, 211, 212-213 and local control issue, 198-199 and outcomes, 58, 200-201, 251-254 professional judgment model, 191-192, 201, 206, 218, 222, 223, 225, 232-241 quantification, 22, 25, 188-189; see also Performance standards race-based litigation and, 176- 179 research, 23 and spending, 211, 212-213 statistical models of, 192-193, 206, 216, 219-224, 229-230, 231, 232, 254 vertical equity as, 23 voter preference-tax price methodology, 222, 231, 254

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From page 306...

... See Equity concepts Co-NECT, 230 Connecticut litigation, 42, 67, 69, 212 reforms, 73, 80-81 spending on education, 80-81, 212 Consistency Management and Cooperative Discipline (CMCD) , 230 Consortium for Policy Research in Education, 103 Consumer Price Survey, 247 Contracting for services, 153 Core Knowledge Curriculum, 230 Cost functions, 21, 29 Cost indexes, education, 221 adjusted input prices, 270-271 Barro index, 84-85 calculation, 269-282 Chambers' Teachers' Cost Index, 29, 84-85 comparison of, 277-282

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From page 307...

... Meskill, 42, 67 Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, 182 Keyes v.

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From page 308...

... See also Special-needs students; Urban school districts; Weights/weighting standards and academic performance, 15, 28, 226227, 266-269, 271-273 Data availability issue, 11, 24-25 Data Envelopment Analysis, 29, 275, 293 Demographics of school finance impacts of reforms, 87-88 politics and, 139, 153-154 Desegregation, school, 36, 66, 143, 177-179, 187-188, 205 District power equalization, 17, 38, 46, 49, 50, 57, 81, 83, 94, 184-185; see also Guaranteed tax base District response to reforms. See also Local school districts; Resource allocation, reform-related decision-making models, 100, 102- 103, 113 Equal protection expenditure models, 100, 101-102, 128 concept, 14 incentives for spending, 111 institutional theory, 128 cost adjustments, 266-269, 270, 271 Equal opportunity, 22, 64, 166 concepts of equity, 8, 13-16, 24, 50 ex ante and ex post definitions, 13-14 income disparity and, 15 individual characteristics and, 15 issues, 2 legal concepts, 14 measures of, 111 minimum-attainment definition, 16 movement, 143-144 per-pupil expenditures and, 16, 35-36, 149 political issues, 151, 163 resource/achievement controversy, 14-15 litigation based on, 35-36, 43, 48, 54, 55, 56, 61, 66-67

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From page 309...

... See Wealth neutrality Florida impact of reforms, 82 litigation, 44, 60, 175, 199 politics, 142-143 Formulas for distributing funds centralized, 82-83, 84 cost indexes in, 282-291 design considerations, 9, 146, 216, 218-232 district power equalizing (DPE) , 17-18, 28, 38, 46-47, 49, 50-51, 81, 83, 94, 184184 district response to, 9-10, 104 ex ante concepts, 12, 13, 17 ex post concepts, 12-13 expenditure-based, 287, 288-289 309 foundation, 104, 105-106, 107, 112, 132, 168, 190-191, 200, 211, 214, 225-226, 282-291 guaranteed tax base (GTB)

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From page 310...

... See also Cost of education decision making, 237-238 components, 224, 228-232 model program, 224 resource allocation for, 101, 115, 119, 120, 233-238, 239-240 Interest groups, 142, 143, 144- 145, 153, 157, 158, 164, 165, 167 Intergovernmental grant theory, 100, 101 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 251 K Kansas INDEX spending on education, 213 Kentucky adequacy standard, 22, 23, 58, 62, 64, 68, 167, 175, 195, 196, 198, 200-201, 203, 206, 215, 216 constitution, 155 context for reforms, 156-157 district response to reforms, 103, 104, 128 education reform, 129 impacts of reforms, 90, 104-112, 156, 200 201 litigation, 42, 58-59, 69, 90, 104, 149, 155, 167, 195, 196, 198, 203, 206, 212, 215 politics of school finance reform, 155-157, 166, 167, 200 Pritchard Committee for Academic Excellence, 157, 159, 167 reforms, 59, 64, 73, 90, 104, 106-107, 112, 128, 133, 149, 156, 200 resource allocation changes, 112, 114-115, 116, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 128, 163, 195, 230 revenue changes, 104-112, 156 spending on education, 212 L litigation, 44 reforms, 73, 94 Legislation, federal. See also specific statutes significant years for, 26 vertical-equity-based, 21 Legislation, state achievement of equity through, 4 politics of, 142-143, 144, 145, 147, 156, 159 responsiveness to court-mandated reforms, 49, 50-51, 56, 63-64 Leveling-up issue, 111, 138-139, 145, 150, 161, 186 Litigation, school finance.

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From page 311...

... INDEX Local control issue, 138, 151, 164, 198-199 Local school districts. See also District response to reforms consolidation of, 161, 164 cost functions, 21, 239-241 enrollments, 293 horizontal equity, 19-20 impact of reforms, 78-80, 84-86 Missouri inter-district equity, 21, 180 intra-district equity, 11, 65, 180 low-household-income districts, 84, 86-89 measures of equity between, 111 revenues, 78-80, 104-112 role in finance, 1, 8 spending, 76 as unit of analysis, 11, 20, 22, 25 vertical equity, 20-21, 29, 58 Louisiana, litigation, 46, 175 M Maine, litigation, 44, 60 Maryland, litigation, 45, 55-56, 67 Massachusetts, 28 constitution, 66 cost of education, 212, 289, 292 litigation, 42, 59, 175, 212 reforms, 73, 146, 149 McLooneindex, 19, 111, 114 McMahon and Chang's Cost of Living Index, 21, 84-85 Measures of inequality coefficient of variation, 19, 76, 85, 110 111, 114 federal range ratio, 19, 110, 114 Gini coefficient, 19, 27, 76, 110- 111, 114 McLooneindex, 19, 111, 114 95/5 ratio, 76, 77, 85, 110, 144, 170 restricted range, 110, 114 simple correlation, 111, 114 test scores, 83 Theil index, 19-20, 76-77, 78, 85, 86, 95 Michigan cost of education, 212, 278 equity analyses, 19, 21 litigation, 44, 212 politics, 142-143 reforms, 74, 146 Minnesota constitution, 66 impact of reforms, 82 311 litigation, 45, 50, 55-56, 60, 175, 199, 212 politics, 142-143 spending on education, 212 Mississippi constitution, 169 cost of education, 226, 255 spending on education, 213 litigation, 42, 170, 176-177, 213 reform, 43, 66 spending on education, 213 Modern Red Schoolhouse, 230 Montana litigation, 42, 69, 212 reforms, 73, 145 spending on education, 212 N A Nation at Risk, 21-22, 146, 147, 186 National Academy of Education, 253 National Alliance for Restructuring Education, 230 National Assessment Governing Board, 253 National Center for Education Statistics, 19, 86, 95, 154 Common Core of Data, 25 National Commission on Excellence in Education, 147 National Conference of State Legislators, 144 National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 91 National Governors' Association, 159 National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972, 90-91 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 84 National reform network, 144-145 Nebraska, litigation, 44 New American Schools, 230 New Hampshire litigation, 42, 175, 196-197, 199, 212 reforms, 73, 148 spending on education, 212 New Jersey adequacy standard, 22, 175, 193, 195, 202204, 206, 254 constitution, 66, 73 district response to reforms, 103, 104, 129 education reform, 129 enforcement of reforms, 145, 163 Hands Across New Jersey, 164 impact of reforms, 82, 99, 104- 112, 113

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From page 312...

... See Academic performance; Education standards; Student outcome assessments cost indexes and, 262-264 court ordered, 260 criterion-references, 253 cutoff points, 256 educational adequacy and, 59 external influences, 260-261, 265-266 movement, 186-187 national testing, 206 norm-referenced, 252-253 reform linked to, 1-2, 59, 260 school district, 274 and spending for education, 126 Politics of school finance, 61. See also individual states and analysis of school finance equity, 11 anti-government/anti-tax sentiment and, 152-153, 157, 158, 159-160, 161, 164, 165-166 demographics and, 139, 153-154, 160 education excellence and, 146-147, 157 and enforcement of reforms, 145, 163

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From page 313...

... See also Spending on education and academic performance, 7, 9, 14-15, 25, 152 for administration, 101, 115, 120, 121, 239 241, 245 for capital outlay, 115- 119, 121 categorical grants, 101, 104, 130, 234, 235, 236, 239-241 decision-making models, 102- 103, 113, 127, 128, 129-130, 131 design considerations, 216, 221 direct educational expense, 115- 119 and educational outcomes, 25, 90-91 for extended school services, 104, 119, 124 126, 126, 130 for facilities, 124-125, 126, 127, 129 for fixed costs, 115, 121 for instruction, 101, 115, 119, 120, 233 238, 239-240 models, 100-103 operations and maintenance, 115- 119, 120 public trust issue, 152 research needs on, 130- 132 for special needs students, 104, 110, 119, 120, 124-125, 126, 148, 235-237, 246 for staff development, 121, 122- 123, 126, 235, 239-241 standards-driven, 129-130 for supplies and equipment, 101, 124- 125, 126, 128, 245 for tax relief, 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 145-146 for teacher/staff salaries, 52, 85, 99, 101, 102, 103, 121, 122-123, 126, 130, 238, 239-241, 242-245, 246 transportation, 115- 119 trends, 84-86, 93, 127-129 tuition for out-of-district placements, 115 119 unrestricted general aid, 101 urban districts, 99, 119 vertical equity, 20 Restricted range statistic, 110, 114

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From page 314...

... See also Formulas for distributing funds district response to, 100- 103, 105- 109; see also Resource allocation, reform-related intergovernmental grant theory, 101 per-pupil aid, 78-80, 88, 105 policy implications, 127- 130 and price of education, 80-82 research implications, 130-132 and school district revenues, 109-112 trends, 105 State court litigation. See also Court cases; Impacts of reforms; individual states education clauses, 35, 43, 44, 46, 50, 52, 54,55,56,58,60,66,67,73, 149, 189190 educational adequacy claim, 22, 47, 51-52, 55-56, 59-60, 62, 63-64, 65, 68, 175, 183, 188-193 equal protection challenges, 35-36, 43, 48, 50, 54, 55, 56, 61, 66-67, 72-73, 143144, 149, 183, 199 equity cases, 65, 68, 179-180, 182-183, 190 fiscal neutrality standard (Coons Proposition I)

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From page 315...

... claims, 36-37 Utah, reforms, 74, 82, 145 V Variance decomposition, 76 Vermont litigation, 42, 61, 65, 183 reforms, 61-62, 73 Vertical equity, 20-21, 23, 24, 29 litigation based on, 36-37, 54-55 Virginia, litigation, 37, 44, 60 Voucher programs, 153, 164 W Washington constitution, 194 impacts of reforms, 148 litigation, 43, 47, 52, 53, 69, 193-194 reforms, 73 Wealth as a suspect classification, 39, 43 Wealth neutrality, 27, 63 concept in school finance equity, 16-18, 24, 28 equal opportunity and, 14 federal litigation, 37-39, 66 measures of, 17-18, 28, 111-112 research, 18 shift away from, 183- 188 state litigation based on, 46, 47, 48, 50-51, 54, 55, 56-57, 61, 63, 67, 144, 146, 149, 175, 181-182, 183, 205 unit of analysis, 17

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From page 316...

... 316 Weights/weighting students, 21, 29, 57, 104, 148, 168-169, 184, 261, 271, 283 West Virginia adequacy standard, 194, 215, 216, 220 litigation, 43, 47, 52-53, 57, 69, 194, 195, 215 reforms, 52-53, 73 spending on education, 212 Whole School Design, 230 Wisconsin cost of education, 220, 221, 255, 278 litigation, 45, 55-56, 68, 212 INDEX reforms, 73, 94 spending on education, 212 Wyoming adequacy standard, 198, 215, 217 230-251 cost indexes, 247-250, 271 legislation, 200, 204 litigation, 43, 56, 60-61, 69, 175, 198, 212, 215, 218 reforms, 61, 62, 64, 73, 145, 192, 200 spending on education, 81, 212, 255 218, 220,

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Index Pages 305-316

Index
Pages 305-316