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12 Methodological Issues and Approaches
Pages 320-328

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From page 320...
... The core of the chapter is a proposed methodological framework for the development of human behavior representations. THE NEED FOR SITUATION-SPECIFIC MODELING At present, we are a long way from having either a general-purpose cognitive model or a general-purpose organizational unit model that can be incorporated directly into any simulation and prove useful.
From page 321...
... A METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPRESENTATIONS The panel suggests that the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) encourage developers to employ a systematic methodology in developing human behavior representations.
From page 322...
... For team-, battalion-, and force-level models, as well as for models of command and control, teams composed of sociologists, organizational scientists, social psychologists, computer scientists, and military scientists are needed to ensure that the resultant models will make effective use of the relevant knowledge and many (partial) solutions that have emerged in cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, and human factors for analyzing and representing individual human behavior in a computational format.
From page 323...
... · Explicit in the way the combat instruction set will interface with the semiautomated forces simulation software. · Traceable back to doctrine.
From page 324...
... Similarly, at the unit level, although the required information is not in the domain of sociology or organizational science, the process for obtaining and representing the information is. This process includes unit-level task analysis, social network analysis, process analysis, and content analysis.
From page 325...
... Although some parts of the task analysis process can be accomplished with computer programs, it appears unlikely that the knowledge acquisition stage will be automated in the near future. Consequently, sponsors will have to establish timing and funding priorities for analyzing the various aspects of human behavior that could add value to military engagement simulations.
From page 326...
... Sometimes small-scale analytical studies or field observations can provide detailed data suitable for filling in certain aspects of a model, such as the time to carry out a sequence of actions that includes positioning, aiming, and firing a rifle or targeting and launching a missile. Some of these aspects could readily be measured, whereas others could be approximated without the need for new data collection by using approaches based on prediction methods employed for time and motion studies in the domain of industrial engineering (Antis et al., 1973; Konz, 1995)
From page 327...
... Emulation models are built to provide specific advice, so they need to include valid representations of everything that is critical to the situation at hand. Such models are characterized by a large number of parameters, several modules, and detailed user interfaces.
From page 328...
... In the military context, the most highly validated models are physiological models and a few specific weapons models. Few individual combatant or unit-level models in the military context have been validated using statistical comparisons for prediction; in fact, many have only been grounded.


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