Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior Application to Military Simulations (1998) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 9-18
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From page 9... ...
human behavior representation is essential to successful applications in both wargaming and distributed interactive simulation; (2) current models of human behavior can be improved by transferring what is already known in the behavioral science, social science, cognitive science, and human performance modeling communities; and (3)
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From page 10... ...
During the second phase of the study, the panel held more extensive discussions with military modelers and others involved in human and organizational modeling and, taking advantage of the expertise within its membership, explored the scientific domain of human behavior to identify those areas in the literature that are pertinent to military modeling problems. The panel conducted a thorough review and analysis of selected theoretical and applied research on human behavior modeling as it applies to the military context at the individual, unit, and command levels.
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From page 11... ...
Or it may be used in the context of a distributed simulation of the behavior of selected battlefield elements that can be viewed by real crews performing in other battlefield element simulators, such as squads of individual soldiers, ground vehicles, or aircraft, so that the battle can be played out in the simulated world interactively. Today's military services use human behavior representation for many different purposes.
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From page 12... ...
The armed services are also increasingly using distributed simulation in support of technology design and evaluation, military planning, and training goals. As suggested above, in such simulations individuals participate in war games involving multiple players, each at a simulated workstation, each acting as if he or she were taking part in a real battle with views of the other participants not unlike those that would exist on a real battlefield.
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From page 13... ...
The detection and identification of enemy or friendly individual units in the human behavior representation must appear reasonable to the observer (see also Chapter 7~. The visual search should depend on situation awareness; prior knowledge of the participant; current task demands; and external environmental factors, such as field of view, distance, weather, visibility, time of day, and display mode (unaided vision versus night vision goggles)
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From page 14... ...
Similarly, a number of other practical domains have been utilizing various aspects of psychological research. The development of practical human behavior representations for military simulations is especially intriguing because it presents an opportunity to construct and apply comprehensive models of human abilities that span the various subareas of psychology.
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From page 15... ...
For example, shop floor allocation procedures were derived from early work on scientific management. The development of practical applications of human behavior representations is exciting in this context because it presents an opportunity to construct and apply comprehensive models of units that span distributed artificial intelligence, organizational science, sociology, small-group psychology, and political science studies of power.
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From page 16... ...
In fact, the lack of such a theoretical foundation is a limitation of the current modeling efforts the panel reviewed. In the absence of theory the models are "brittle" in the sense that mild deviations from the conditions under which they were created produce unrealistic behavior and simplistic responses that do not correspond to the behavior of real individual soldiers or units.
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From page 17... ...
In addition to presenting an approach to modeling methodology, including both model development and model validation, the panel's goal was to set forth in general terms the theoretical and operating principles of models that are applicable to human behavior representation, to describe specific applications of these theories and principles, and to identify the most promising paths to pursue in each modeling area. Much work remains to be done.
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From page 18... ...
If one asks program managers or subject matter experts, they will say they need all the fidelity they can get, but this is not a helpful response in an environment of limited resources where design decisions involve tradeoffs among a set of desirable simulation goals. It is just not known which of the many improvements in human behavior representation will really make a difference in the way a modeled combatant will be viewed as regards meeting the expectancies of the opposing force and minimizing the ability to "game" the simulation.
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