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Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Biotechnology in Pesticide Resistance Development
Pages 130-142

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From page 130...
... Biotechnology identified the basis of resistance and is guiding synthesis of novel antibiotics to circumvent resistance; antibiotic resistance provided a critical process for genetic engineering. In the area of pesticide resistance, the only well-developed application of biotechnology is for three different classes of herbicides.
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From page 131...
... Cell and tissue culture techniques range from microbial culture through higher organism cell and tissue culture to somatic cell fusion and regeneration. Somatic cell fusion has become especially useful for antibody production, where an antibody-producing cell with a limited life is fused with a transformed cell with an infinite life to produce a hybrid cell (hybridoma)
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From page 132...
... DNA sequencing will identify the similarity or difference of resistant versus susceptible genes. Genetic engineering of organisms requires these steps so as to obtain a source of the desired gene and to generate genetic constructions with appropriate replication sites and control elements so that they can be introduced into the desired host, retained, and replicated to produce the gene product at an appropriate rate.
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From page 133...
... BIOTECHNOLOGY AND XENOBIOTICS Biotechnology has been intimately involved in antibiotic resistance research and development. The techniques of biotechnology identified the basis of resistance, which provided a critical resource for genetic engineering.
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From page 134...
... Along these same lines a molecular biological characterization showed that a major form of resistance in yeast arises from an altered structural gene for ALS, in which a praline amino acid residue in the sensitive ALS is replaced by a serine in the resistant ALS. Other forms of resistance were also found.
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From page 135...
... Biophysical studies on sulfonylureas and ALS at the kinetic and structural levels can provide information on the specific mechanism of inhibition. Opportunities for designed herbicides, designed resistance genes, and the genetic engineering of herbicide-resistant crops come from this multidisciplinary and multitechnique generation of understanding.
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From page 136...
... The other genetic changes are quantitative: gene Empirical Synthesis Resistant Pest Screening · Biocide discovery Model (Microbial) Systems · Resistance development · Resistance types · Resistance genetic and gene products · Surrogate screens · MABs, DNA probes, restriction maps as diagnostics Pest-Host Systems · Pest resistance types · PesVhost resistance genes and gene products · MABs, DNA probes, restriction maps as diagnostics · In vitro biocide structure resistance relationships · Designed biocides · Resistant hosts by somaclonal variation · Genetically engineered resistant hosts · Natural biocides · Synergists · Agriregulators FIGURE 2 Biotechnology- pesticide resistance research and development.
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From page 137...
... the product is less active or less fit. Biotechnology should provide similar definition for other pesticide resistances where an adequate physiological, biochemical, and genetic base exists in an appropriate experimental organism.
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From page 138...
... Empirical synthesis could be coupled with a screen using resistant organisms under continuous pesticide selection pressure to discover chemical structures that inhibit critical, nonalterable enzyme or protein sites. This approach realistically assumes the existence of critical sites that cannot be changed and still maintain an adequately fit activity for the pest.
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From page 139...
... Herbicide resistance may be used to follow genetic introductions into higher plants. Introducing herbicide-resistant genes into crop plants to increase tolerance and enable crop rotation and the use of herbicides on a broader group of crops is being pursued aggressively and may be the first major practical example of genetic engineering in crop agriculture.
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From page 140...
... 1984. The sulfonylurea herbicide sulfometuron methyl is an extremely potent and selective inhibitor of acetolactate synthase in Salmonella typhimurium.
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From page 141...
... BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PESTICIDE RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT Ray, T
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Key Terms

  • resistance development
  • genetic engineering
  • gene products
  • dna probes
  • resistance genes

  • antibiotic resistance
  • empirical synthesis
  • genetic techniques
  • structural gene
  • natural pesticides

  • restriction maps
  • tissue culture
  • restriction enzymes
  • genetically engineered
  • crop plants

  • resistance research
  • genetic information
  • altered structural
  • biotechnology techniques
  • genetic constructions

  • selectable markers
  • biocide structure
  • biocide discovery
  • biotechnology identified
  • gene amplification

  • molecular biological
  • insecticide resistance
  • pesticide resistances
  • cell fusion
  • broad crop


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