Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) / Chapter Skim
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The Magnitude of the Resistance Problem
The Magnitude of the Resistance Problem
Pages 14-44
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From page 14... ...
Whereas the presence of resistance was a rare phenomenon during the early l950s, it is the fully susceptible population that is rare in the 1980s. Serious cases of resistance are also found in plant pathogens towardfungicides and bactericides and are being reported with increasing frequency in weeds toward herbicides and in rats toward rodenticides.
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From page 15... ...
Pesticide resistance is also manifested worldwide in rats species that during history have come to be associated with empty granaries and the bubonic plague. The problem of resistance to pesticides has been the subject of several recent reviews (Dekker and Georgopoulos, 1982; LeBaron and Gressel, 19821.
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From page 16... ...
In addition at least 100 species of plant pathogens (J.
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From page 17... ...
By the mid1970s it was detected in at least 25 percent of the sites sampled in the United States (Jackson and Ashton, 19804; at the original site in North Carolina, it occurred in essentially 100 percent of Norway rats, a truly remarkable rate of chemical selection involving a mammal. These data concern cases of resistance that have arisen as a result of the field application of pesticides; they do not include resistance developed in laboratories through simulated selection pressure.
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From page 18... ...
. Resistant species 428 447 4.4 Species x insecticide classes affectedb 829 866 4.1 Species x insecticides 1,640 1,797 9.4 Species x insecticides x countries of occurrence 3,675 3,894 5.9 aOctober 1984.
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From page 19... ...
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From page 20... ...
The species that have developed strains resistant to pyrethroids (Table 4) include some of our most important pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
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From page 21... ...
In the Imperial Valley of California the pattern of resistance of the white fly Bemisia tabaci toward the new pyrethroid insecticides is still distinct, reflecting the number of pyrethroid treatments applied to cotton during 1984 (Figure 4~. In coastal southern France the high frequency of organophosphate resistance found in Culex pipiens reflects the very intense chemical control
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From page 22... ...
22 Cal ._ so C)
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From page 23... ...
23 x '_ ~ o ~ o X X ^ ~ a E 3 .,, ~ ~ E -- : 3 ~ E ~ Ct of Ct Ct o .o ~_ ~ Z 9 ° :,4 ~ E 3 ~ E ~ E ~ ~ E .° i 9 ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 Ct O P4 o .= ~ ~O 3 c 5 ~ o C)
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From page 24... ...
Under prolonged and intensive selection the frequency of resistance stabilizes and may show a surprising uniformity. In Great Britain, high resistance to demeton S-methyl was found uniformly in yearly samples of the hops aphid Phorodon humuli obtained from Kent during 1966-1976, compared with a susceptible population from north England during 1969-1976 (Figure 51.
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From page 25... ...
~ ~1 Y U MA~/° BRAW L E Y B LY~/ ~L CENTRO r = 0.87 Y = 2.7 7 + 0.209X 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 10 RESISTANCE RAT 10 (AT LC50) 25 100 FIGURE 4 Pyrethroid resistance in Bemisia tabaci: relationship between resistance level and number of pyrethroid applications on cotton 1984.
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From page 26... ...
in Japan (Figure 6~. The frequency of resistant individuals was found to have increased rapidly from 1965 to 1968, as shown by the pattern evident in Hiroshima prefecture (Kimura and Nakazawa, 19731.
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From page 27... ...
The prospect for success of pyrethroid insecticides, which now represent the end of the line, is made uncertain by high prevailing levels of DDT resistances Among the most critical cases, from the standpoint of frequency and intensity of multiple resistance to a variety of insecticide classes, are those of Anopheles albimanus in Central America, An. sacharovi in Turkey' and An.
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From page 28... ...
The propoxur susceptible genes in this species in certain areas of El Salvador had been reduced to 52 percent by 1972, leading to substantial limitation in the use of this formerly highly effective compound. The deteriorating situation of resistance in anopheline mosquitoes and its implications led the WHO Expert Committee on Insecticides to state that "it is finally becoming acknowledged that resistance is probably the largest single obstacle in the struggle against vector-borne disease and is mainly responsible for preventing successful malaria eradication in many countries" (WHO, 19761.
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From page 29... ...
In these areas the agricultural pests developed resistance to one after another of the toxicants used against them, forcing applications of higher quantities of each available effective insecticide and at more frequent intervals. For example, as many as 30 insecticide treatments are applied during the six-month growing season in cotton fields in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America and southern Mexico.
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From page 30... ...
The fact that rotenone must be combined with piperonyl butoxide to achieve control of the Colorado potato beetle indicates that metabolic enzymes capable of detoxifying rotenone are present in the population. This somber account of critical cases of resistance does not imply that the pesticides involved are ineffective throughout the areas of distribution of the respective species.
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From page 31... ...
For example, organophosphates and carbamates are still effective against An. albimanus on the Atlantic coast of Central America; the Colorado potato beetle is still apparently susceptible to organophosphates and carbamates in the Midwest; and in the very exceptional case of the European corn borer, insecticide resistance has yet to be detected.
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From page 32... ...
. ~ _~;0u 1 , ; ; ; I ; I , · · ~ 1 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' FED MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC FIGURE 10 Suppression of Anopheles albimanus densities in cotton areas of El Salvador by agricultural sprays in 1972 and effect on resistance.
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From page 33... ...
Many extra applications, of course, may also be due to the suppression of natural enemies by pesticides, so the increased cost problem becomes even more intensified. The loss of pesticide development investment must be added to the estimated cost of $1 billion.
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From page 34... ...
Source: Steiner (1973~. TABLE 7 Development of Resistance to Aldicarb, Fenvalerate, and Synergized Fenvalerate in a Long Island Population of Colorado Potato Beetle Resistance Factor at LDso Fenvalerate Piperonyl Year Generation Aldicarb Fenvalerate butoxide 1980 Overwintering - 20 x First 13x 30x Second 22 x 100 x 1981 Overwintering 9 x 30 x 1.3 x First 33 x Second 33 x 130x 4x 1982 First 130x 4x Second 60 x >600 x 1983 Overwintering >600 x 200 x First >600x 200x SOURCE: Forgash, 1984b.
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From page 35... ...
Although several factors may have been responsible for this decline, it is strongly suspected that industry frustration with resistance has played an important role. The question may be posed, therefore, whether we have already selected TABLE 9 Estimated Environmental Costs Due to Loss of Natural Enemies and Insecticide Resistance in Pest Insect and Mite Populations Total Added Insecticide Costs ($)
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From page 36... ...
36 1 8 16 _ la _ INTRODUCTION 20 a CHANCES FOR SUCCESS /0 E 12 - 10 8 o 6 4 _ 2 _~ O 1,,,,,,, 1,,,, 1, 1,,, 1,,,,,,,, 1, 1956 1964 1969 1971 1975 1984 O~ C C
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From page 37... ...
Likewise, we now see an increased interest in research on insecticide resistance, as evidenced by the percentage of resistance papers published in the Journal of Economic Entomology (Figure 151.
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From page 38... ...
It has always been axiomatic that one must intimately know one's enemy to be able to defeat him. I hope that this conference, through its exploration of the nature of pesticide resistance from all known perspectives, will enable us to develop the means and strategies for countering the adverse impact of this phenomenon on our wellbeing.
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From page 39... ...
FEZ , ~ . ~ 1908 1940 50 60 70 80 84 39 FIGURE 15 Percentage of papers concerned with insecticide resistance published in the Journal of Economic Entomology, 1945-1983, compared with the evolution of resistance in species of Arthropoda.
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From page 40... ...
1981. Insecticide resistance of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
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From page 41... ...
1973. Effect of agricultural spraying on Anopheles albimanus densities in a coastal area of El Salvador.
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From page 42... ...
Pp. 61-76 in Pesticide Resistance and World Food Production, G
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From page 43... ...
R., ed, 1979. Pesticide Manual, Croydon, England: British Crop Protection Council.
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