Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) / Chapter Skim
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4 Detection, Monitoring, and Risk Assessment
4 Detection, Monitoring, and Risk Assessment
Pages 271-278
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From page 271... ...
Likewise, there are extensive historical data bases on resistance trends for some insects that make it possible to carry out resistance risk assessments, thereby making it possible to manage resistance by restricting the use of certain pesticides, or by managing their application in some specific fashion (Keiding, this volume)
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From page 272... ...
· Provide effective crop protection. METHODS AVAILABLE FOR RESISTANCE DETECTION, MONITORING, AND RISK ASSESSMENT Resistance detection and monitoring methods for pest species have in the past been based on classical bioassay techniques (see examples in Keiding and in Brent, this volume; FAO, 1982; Georgopolous, 19821.
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From page 273... ...
At the population level, the probability of resistance developing under varying ecological conditions and field-use practices may be examined through field tests using the methods employed by pest-control personnel or in trial runs made in conjunction with pest-management operations. In this type of test, problems are often encountered with experimental design, making it difficult to control treatments on highly mobile pests.
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From page 274... ...
· Research on each of the above methods should consider accuracy and precision, cost of collecting samples, previous pesticide histories, environmental conditions, and other sources of experimental variation that may affect pest susceptibility. To determine the appropriate size and frequency of a resistance monitoring program, the following should all be considered: statistical levels of accuracy required for detection, time delays involved in monitoring, and time required to set resistance management into action.
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From page 275... ...
Thus, to ensure economical crop protection, it may also be important to take into account the variable periods of time required for a pest to develop resistance, and for resistance to reach a level at which crop production efforts may fail without a change in control strategy and/or chemicals. Examples of pests for which a resistance monitoring program might be appropriate and feasible include Be insects Heliothis sp., Spodoptera sp., boD weevil, Colorado potato beetle, alla aphids; mites; the fungal plant pathogens Penicillium sp., Cercospora sp., Botrytis, Monilinia; downy mildews; and certain other pest groups, including selected grass weeds, rodents, etc.
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From page 276... ...
Components such as historical data bases, detection and monitoring data, resistance models, laboratory selection tests for resistance, and use data could be incorporated into overall systems that can be used to aid in risk-assessment decisions with a higher degree of benefit. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESISTANCE-RISK ASSESSMENT The results of resistance-r~sk assessments should serve as aids to decisionmakers and should not be considered conclusive forecasts of the outcome of a resistance episode.
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From page 277... ...
Moreover, it is critical for the activities and investments of the public and private sectors to be coordinated more systematically and integrated so that the best possible informational data base emerges from a given level of combined resources. Results of resistance-risk assessment programs should be available to the entire pesticide development/user community for evaluation, confirmation, and improvement over time.
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From page 278... ...
T STAUB, Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., Switzerland ROBERT TONN, World Health Organization, Switzerland MARK WHAEON, Michigan State University
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