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Prediction or Resistance Risk Assessment
Pages 279-297

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From page 279...
... Prediction or Resistance Risk Assessment JOHANNES KEIDING Resistance risk, or the potentialfor development of Weld resistance to pesticides, depends on genetic and biologicalfactors characteristic of the pest species and the local population and of operational factors, that is, the way pest control is carried out and the history of pesticide use. Thus, for resistance risk assessment (RRAJ these factors must be considered and investigated.
From page 280...
... Climatic and other ecological conditions Behavior Isolation, migration, and refugia History of insecticide applications Persistence of insecticide Method of insecticide application (frequency, coverage, life stage(s) exposed, residual effect, etc.)
From page 281...
... Since 1945 DAPIL~ has received good cooperation from the farmers associations and many farms, the pesticide industry, and the research laborator~es overseas doing basic research on insecticide resistance in our and other house fly strains. The cooperation with the farmers gave DAPIL the essential current information on the effect of various insecticides, formulations, and applications that enabled us to follow the development of resistance and to detect and study early cases.
From page 282...
... 282 [I ~ ~ k ~ ·o 21~- ~ C E C [___ ~ C ~ ~ L 1[ ~: ~E ~ ~ ~ 1~- r -T ~ ~ E ~ t i T L a ~ E 4 ~ ~ if i Ed ~ a., ~ 0 <, a ~ 0 0 C ~ c a ~ :rn ~ 1: t T: D: Fir ~ ~:E Cat 4_ O ~S O O O Cat Cat Cat a, ~a' .
From page 283...
... In the mid-19SOs DAPIL persuaded industry not to sell any organochlorine insecticides for fly control. Owing to rapid development of resistance in small-scale field trials, the following insecticides were not introduced for fly control on Danish farms:
From page 284...
... The advice was followed, even though there was no proper legal basis for banning residual pyrethroids for fly control until 1980.2 In the meantime DAPIL received further support for this decision. In 1977 and 1978 DAPIL found that heterogeneous resistance to candidate residual pyrethroids was widespread on Danish farms, and the resistance factor kdr, which causes resistance to DDT and pyrethroids (in connection with other factors)
From page 285...
... In addition the extensive data collected on the development of resistance in house fly populations on farms since 194X are being put into a data base, which should provide greater possibilities for analyzing resistance risks under various conditions (Keiding et al., 19831. Resistance in Other Regions Sequential development of resistance in field populations of house flies also has been studied in Czechoslovakia (Rupee et al., 1983)
From page 286...
... studies and modeling of the dynamics of resistance development, (5) cooperation with industry to test new acaricides against tick strains representing the resistant strains, (6)
From page 287...
... Laboratory Versus Field Selection Experience and theoretical considerations have shown that the predictive value of investigating resistance risk through laboratory selection is limited. If resistance develops when an insect population is exposed to selection pressure with an insecticide through a number of generations, the ability of resistance exists, but the level, type, and rate at which it develops may be quite different from what happens under field conditions.
From page 288...
... The genetic factors also may differ, not only in frequency of resistance genes but also which genes and mechanisms cause resistance locally, as has been found for DOT and pyrethroid resistance in house flies. These possible regional and local differences must be considered for any RRA in a given area and for the use of resistant strains to test for crossresistance of new compounds.
From page 289...
... . As with insecticide resistance the RRA is influenced by inherent genetic and biological factors in the pest fungus, including reproduction rate, spore mobility, and host range.
From page 290...
... Cooperation and rapid exchange of information between producers and users of fungicides, advisers, and research and regulatory institutes are necessary to cope with the rapidly developing problems of fungicide resistance. The international association of agrochemical industry associations (GIFAPGroupement International des Associations Nationals de Fabricants de Produits Agronomiques)
From page 291...
... As for most other pests the rate of resistance development is influenced by the selection pressure, which is a product of the persistence of the herbicide effect after treatment, the dose, the number of years the herbicide has been used alone in an area, and the proportion of the weed population that is exposed. S-triazines have a very specific action and a high persistence.
From page 292...
... Laboratory selection is fairly simple; colonies of nematodes are exposed to treated hosts for a number of generations. The conditions for resistance development, however, are different in the field, for example, as to natural selection and selection pressure by the nematicide.
From page 293...
... hKnowledge of the dynamics of resistance development and of the parameters in the field is essential for constructing realistic models and for predicting the rate and extent of resistance de velopment. 'Computer simulations are important to evaluate the effects of various genetic, biological, and operational factors and to develop strategies for delaying or avoiding resistance.
From page 294...
... · Conduct field investigations of the biology, ecology, and population dynamics of the pest (8, 9, 10, 11) · Conduct field investigations on selection pressure by various applications of pesticides and control schemes (8, 9, 10, 11)
From page 295...
... 1971. Insecticide resistance resulting from sequential selection of house flies in the field by organophosphorus compounds.
From page 296...
... 1983. Insecticide resistance in houseflies, Musca domestica in Czechoslovakia 1976-80.
From page 297...
... 1982. Insecticide resistance in houseflies from the Middle East and North Africa with notes on the use of various bioassay techniques.


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