Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Preventing or Managing Resistance in Arthropods
Preventing or Managing Resistance in Arthropods
Pages 335-346
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From page 335... ...
Genetic, reproductive, behaviorallecological, and agronomiclcontrolfactors over which we have varying degrees of control influence the rate of resistance development and are key to its management. Resistance management tactics should be aimed at reducing allele frequencies, reducing dominance, and minimizing the fitness of resistance genotypes.
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From page 336... ...
An alternative to chemical control, which can be considered an indirect resistance management tactic, is the Heliothis backcross hybrid (Proshold et al., 19831. Crosses of H
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From page 337... ...
Thus, resistance management tactics should be aimed at reducing allele frequencies, reducing dominance, and minimizing the fitness of resistant genotypes. Reducing Frequencies of Resistant Alleles A commonly suggested method for directly reducing resistance allele frequencies is by diluting them through the mass release of susceptible insects, for example, the mass release of susceptible male mosquitoes to dilute resistance (Curtis et al., 19781.
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From page 338... ...
The rates required to kill heterozygotes, however, might not be economically practical and might not be identified until after the heterozygotes achieve a high frequency within a population. Minimizing Fitness of Resistant Genotypes Most resistance management tactics involve reducing fitnesses of resistant genotypes relative to susceptible genotypes by either preserving susceptible homozygotes or eliminating heterozygotes and resistant homozygotes.
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From page 339... ...
Where possible, insecticides conferring the lowest level of resistance are preferred, because their use reduces the selective advantages to individuals carrying resistant genotypes (Devonshire and Moores, 19821. Thus, compounds causing low levels of resistance delay its development, similar to synergists, because resistant individuals can often be killed with only a slight .
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From page 340... ...
. Tactical Considerations in insecticide Application Although noninsecticidal controls that indirectly affect resistance development may become more important in suppressing populations and managing resistance, pesticides will continue to be the major control tools in the near future.
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From page 341... ...
and, therefore, may have different major detoxification pathways. With the relatively recent appreciation of the role different food sources have played in the evolutionary development of metabolic pathways, the necessity for conducting basic resistance research in genetics, biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology on agronomic pests (e.g., Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Acarina)
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From page 342... ...
An example of an area-wide management program is that of cotton pest management, where insecticides are applied nearly simultaneously across a several square kilometer community when an economic threshold is reached on a central index field that includes less than 0.2 percent of the area (Phillips et al., 19801. How much impact the early season and area-wide insecticide treatment programs will have on cotton pest problems and resistance management is not clear yet.
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From page 343... ...
Current monitoring techniques (e.g., topical application, deposit-on-glass, impregnated paper) require large numbers of individuals to detect resistance alleles at low frequencies.
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From page 344... ...
Who is going to coordinate it? The action taken on these points by policymakers might ultimately determine the success or futility of pesticide resistance management.
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From page 345... ...
1980. A new and simple detection method for carbamate resistance in the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Hemiptera: Deltocephalidae)
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From page 346... ...
1982. Managing pesticide resistance in crop-arthropod complexes: Interactions between biological and operational factors.
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