Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) / Chapter Skim
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6 Implementing Management of Resistance to Pesticides
6 Implementing Management of Resistance to Pesticides
Pages 371-387
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From page 371... ...
information on the current and prospective pesticide susceptibility levels of pest populations is expensive to assemble, (3) information on methods for managing resistance and actions to respond to resistance are often needed at many locations at the same time, involving several related compounds made by different companies, and (4)
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From page 372... ...
. EXTENSION, CONSULTANTS, AND PESTICIDE USERS Education The Cooperative Extension Service should take a leadership role in developing educational programs in the area of management of resistance to pesticides, coordinating input from state agricultural experiment stations, pest-control advisers, the pesticide industry, commodity associations, regulatory agencies, and end users.
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From page 373... ...
. When a control failure occurs, farmers, agricultural consultants, chemical applicators, state agricultural experiment stations, and Cooperative Extension services should work with agricultural chemical companies to determine the basis for the failure.
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From page 374... ...
Questions remain regarding what should be done with this information and how funds should be generated for regulatory activities, information collection, and research. Pesticide Resistance in Regulatory Decisions The committee agreed that resistance management is a legitimate activity for regulatory agencies when beneficial strategies and program opportunities arise, but recognized that there are strengths and weaknesses in each regulatory initiative considered.
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From page 375... ...
The economic conditions under which individual pesticide firms, groups of firms, or farmers can profitably act to reduce resistance are limited by pest mobility and market structure. The following conditions are thought to favor mandatory or government programs in resistance management (Miranowski and Carlson, this volume)
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From page 376... ...
Frequently, government agencies can assist in resistance management by carrying out other regulatory and research functions. For example, the EPA has had a program supporting IPM research; as a part of IPM, efforts to manage resistance to pesticides is clearly a legitimate function of government.
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From page 377... ...
Given the frequent necessity for quick responses to resistance development by farmers, consultants, and chemical firms, however, the reporting of a resistance episode to regulatory agencies could probably not be acted on fast enough for a regulatory agency to initiate steps to foster resistance management, at least in the current production year. It is very costly to monitor and determine the geographical boundaries of a resistant pest population.
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From page 378... ...
One idea advanced at the convocation for raising new funds to advance resistance management is imposition of a national sales tax on pesticides. In supporting such a tax, proponents argue that the pesticide industry and users of pesticides will be the primary beneficiaries of successful resistance management and that they should defray through such a tax the costs to develop and maintain programs to manage resistance.
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From page 379... ...
Economically, the willingness of a particular company to take actions to reduce resistance development for a given pesticide is related to market structure, pest mobility, and cost and returns of employing resistance management tactics. The value of protecting a pesticide from resistance is affected by: number, effectiveness, and costs of existing and prospective, competitive pesticides; expense of nonchemical controls; ease of production of the compound; and effectiveness in controlling major pestles)
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From page 380... ...
. Recommendations on rotation or mixtures of pesticides can either be issued directly by the company or funneled through the extension service, a local government agency, or private consultants.
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From page 381... ...
The JR-4 program can serve as a model for new efforts to encourage public sector activity in resistance management programs. If a pesticide firm has particular use instructions it wishes to include on the label, then the firm can
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From page 382... ...
The less-developed countries are particularly vulnerable to disease and severe economic losses from pesticide resistance. Agricultural development efforts, although often constrained by resistance in agricultural pest populations, have not generally received the attention directed toward resistance problems due to failures in disease vector control programs that affect public health programs.
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From page 383... ...
It can neither intervene nor interfere with national policies of member countries on pesticide registration or other regulatory matters. If requested, though, it can provide available guidelines and assist in securing external expertise.
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From page 384... ...
Need for U.S. Support While the concerns and programs of a number of international organizations contribute to greater global integration of management of resistance to pesticides, several problems constrain their effectiveness: · A lack of data on pesticide use and pesticide performance in lessdeveloped countries limits opportunities to assess the likelihood of resistance to specific materials developing in specific pest populations.
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From page 385... ...
To the extent possible, the United States should provide funding and personnel to achieve increased training and education on pesticide management and pesticide resistance in less-developed countries. The potential benefits of these courses of action for the United States are a decreased rate of global development of resistance and an increased ability to react rapidly to accurate information about new cases of resistance in domestically important pest species.
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From page 386... ...
DOVER, World Resources Institute STAN FERTIG, U.S. Department of Agriculture RAYMOND E
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From page 387... ...
JOHNSON, U.s. Environmental Protection Agency JOHN A
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