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From page 453... ... See Mixtures of pesticides crop rotation, 327-328, 332, 432 fungicide use, 246-247 low-till agriculture, 112- 113, 332 333 pesticide application, frequency and area, 317-318 pesticide rotation, 56, 64, 150-151, 320-321, 329, 330, 339-340, 350-351, 375 pesticide use patterns, 31 rodenticide use, 240-243 sequential pesticide applications, 166, 320-321, 340 spraying, as enhancing mosquito resistance, 28-29 timing of pesticide application, 166, 197 See also Operational factors Agricultural Research Service, 372 Agriculture Department (USDA) , 276 research support, 5, 7, 123- 125 Read the entire page →
From page 454... ... See also Mosquito resistance Anopheles stephensi, 27, 264 Anopheline mosquitoes, 12, 27-29, 259, 264, 307 Antibiotics, 47, 100, 105, 130, 133, 139, 187, 322 Anticoagulants, 322. See also Rodenticide resistance; Warfarin resistance Antihelminth resistance, 187 Antitrust issues, 8, 375, 380, 401, 430 Antiviral agents, 100 Antu, 238 Aphids green peach aphid, 24 hops aphid (Phorodon humuli) Read the entire page →
From page 455... ... See Immigration/refuges influence on risk assessments, 280, 288, 290 insecticide resistance, 336-337 life cycle/generation turnover, 162163, 171-178, 186, 197, 319, 337, 339 pesticide resistance, in general, 158, 162-165, 313-314 prey/predator resistance development, 145, 147, 184-186, 201-202 Biorational pesticides, 432 Bioresmethrin, 165 Biotechnology, 3, 5, 13, 130-141 antibiotic resistance applications, 133 herbicide resistance applications, 6870, 134-135 pesticide resistance applications, 135-140 potential applications, 130-131, 140, 272 research areas, 119 techniques, 131 - 133 Bipyridyl, 309 Biston betularia, 178 Blatella germanica, 262, 264 Blow flies (Lucilia cuprina) , 75, 77, 83, 212, 259-260, 265-266, 286 Blue mold, 318 Boll weevils, 275, 379 Boophilus microplus (cattle ticks) Read the entire page →
From page 456... ... See Agrochemical industry INDEX Chenopodium album, 59 Chenopodium spp., 330 Chicago, 357, 359-361 China, 285 Chitin synthesis, 106, 352 Chlamydomonas spp., 66 Chlorazifop-propynil, 64 Chlordimeform, 74, 82, 120 Chlorfenethol, 322 Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, 87 Chlorobenzilate, 165 Chloro-s-triazines, 63 Chlorothalonil, 102 Chlorsulfuron, 69 Cholecalciferol, 365 Ciba-Geigy Co., 389 Cirsium arvense, 328 Citrus rust mite, 165 Classic herbicide, 134 Clavulinic acid, 133 Coadaptation, 241, 265-266 Cockroaches, 78-79 Coddling moth, 317 Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 383 Coleoptera, 18, 19, 22 Colorado potato beetle, 12, 20, 29-31, 158, 162, 183, 275 Combined pesticide applications. See Mixtures of pesticides Commodity groups, 126 Competitive Grants Program, 5, 124 Computer-assisted design, 118 Computer simulation. Read the entire page →
From page 457... ... See also Mosquito resistance Cuticle formation, 120 Cyanide gas, 357, 359 Cyclodiene resistance incidence, 12, 18, 19, 266 mechanisms, 47, 76, 78-79, 259 possible solutions, 81-82, 120 Cycloheximide, 105 Cyhexatin, 203 Cyromazine, 37, 285 Cytochrome P4so, 137, 138, 140, 339 Czechoslovakia, 285, 286 D DDT resistance, 341, 447 in anopheline mosquitoes, 27, 28, 264 biochemical mechanisms, 47, 78-79 cross-resistance, 21, 166, 284 in frogs, 87 genetic mechanisms, 76, 77, 162, 262, 266 in house flies, 283-285 incidence, 11-12, 18, 19, 157-158, 285 in mice, 88 possible solutions to, 81-82 Decatur, Illinois, 361-362 Defect action levels, 429 Defense Department, 276 DEF, S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, 82-83 Dehydrochlorinase inhibitors, 322 Dekker, Johan, 347-354 Delp, Charles J., 388-392 Deltamethrin, 33 Demethylation inhibitors, 391 Demeton S-methyl, 24 Denmark, 254, 318 Read the entire page →
From page 458... ... See Genetic mechanisms Dosage factors, 166, 186, 316-317 dose/immigration interactions, effect on resistance development, 196 198 Dover, Michael J., 422-435 Downy mildews, 275 Drosophila melanogaster, 75-77, 80, 211 Drosophila spp., 132, 258 DT-diaphorase, 92 du Pont Co., 134, 303, 389 E EBG operon, 208-209 Echinochloa crus-galli, 61 Echinochloa spp., 61 Economic issues, 436-448 atrazine cost, 56 costs of chemical control, 31-35 depreciation of pesticide value, 187190, 315, 436-437 funding of pesticide research, 5, 121-126 funding of resistance management programs, 378-379, 419-420 432-434 Read the entire page →
From page 459... ... See Genetic mechanisms Expert Committee on Insecticide Resistance, WHO, 383 Extension Committee on Organization and Policy IPM Task Force, 372, 413, 419 Extension specialists. See Cooperative extension and agricultural consultants F Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Read the entire page →
From page 460... ... , 276, 348 detection and monitoring activities, 273, 287, 292, 301, 306, 307, 378 resistance management activities, 354, 383, 385, 389 Food and Drug Administration, 428 Food limitation effects, 201-202 Formamidines, 82, 120 Formothion, 284 4-hydroxycoumarin. See Warfarin resistance France, 21 Frisbie, Raymond E., 410-421 Frogs, 87, 135 Fruit tree mites, 162 Fumigant resistance, 19 Funding of pesticide research, 5, 121-126 of resistance management initiatives, 378-379, 419-420, 432-434 Fungicide resistance, 100-110, 245 256, 347-354 barley mildew, example, 249-251 biochemical mechanisms, 47-48, 104-108, 314, 348-349 definitions of, 348 INDEX detection and monitoring, 302, 304, 307, 308 fungicide application and type, 247 fungicide mixtures, 427 fungicide use, reasons for, 246-247 genetic mechanisms, 47, 101-104, 159, 248-249 high-risk chemicals use, 350 incidence, 11, 12, 14-16, 20, 21, 135 industry research, 389-391 low-risk chemicals use, 352 management strategies, 251-256, 317-324, 349-354 negative cross-resistance, 352 new chemicals use, 349 regulatory agencies' involvement, 401 risk assessment, 276, 288-290 rotation or combined use, 350-351 site-specific inhibitors, 352 synergism, 352-353 See also Plant pathogens Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Read the entire page →
From page 461... ... See Polygenic resistance parameters needed for model development, 145-147, 196 198 pesticide resistance, in general, 45 46, 136-137, 150-151, 159 162, 313-314 reducing frequencies of resistant alleles, 337-338 relative fitnesses of genotypes, 146, 160-161, 260-266, 322-323, 338-340 research recommendations, 5, 50-52, 267-268 resistance management applications, 144-145, 153-154 return to pesticide susceptibility, 150 warfarin resistance, 88-89, 93, 236 See also Alleles 461 Georghiou, George P., 14-43, 157-169 Georgopoulos, S G., 100-110 German Democratic Republic, 254 Germany, Federal Republic of (West) Read the entire page →
From page 462... ... , 258, 264, 341, 390 biochemistry of resistance, 47, 7881, 322 Danish study, 276, 279, 281-285, 292, 307-308 INDEX d~azinon-resistant, fitness of, 264 266 genetic mechanisms of resistance, 75-78, 162 immigration effects, 164- 166, 180, 267 incidence of resistance, 21, 74-75, 83-84, 157-158 model of dieldrin resistance, 198-200 resistance studies, 285-286 solutions to insecticide resistance, 81-83 See also Flies House mouse (Mus musculus) DINT resistance, 88 Decatur infestation, 361-362 resistance mechanisms, 80 rodenticide resistance, 48, 87, 89, 93-95, 355-358, 362-364, 366 Hungary, 54-55, 329 Hylemya spp., 163 Hypercalcemia, 365 I ICI Americas, Inc., 389, 390 Imidazole herbicides, 69 Immigration/refuges, 147, 257, 336, 341 density dependence, relationship, 180-184 dose/immigration interactions, effect on resistance development, 196198 evolution of resistance mechanisms, 146-147, 160, 164-166, 178180, 214-216, 266-268 house flies, dieldrin resistance, 198200, 267 as resistance management tactic, 314, 318, 324, 337, 338 See also Refugia Immunological tests, 272 Industrial melanism, 171, 178 Industry. Read the entire page →
From page 463... ... , 8, 381382 T Jackson, William B., 355-369 Japan, 12, 26, 285, 286, 292, 308, 355, 401 Johnson, Edwin L., 393-402 Justice Department, 7-8, 380 K Kasugamycin, 103, 105-106 kdr gene, 12, 21, 162, 166, 284-286 Keiding, Johannes, 279-297 Kitazin-P, 349 Klebsiella spp., 208, 209 L Labeling, 381, 398-400, 405, 427 Laboratory resistance, 299-300 Laboratory studies, 148, 274, 287-288, 315, 349 lac operon, 80 Lambsquarters, 330 Lanosterol synthesis inhibitors, 352 Late blight, 318 Lead arsenate, 314, 341 Leafhoppers, 12, 26, 81, 286, 308, 343 Leeper, John R., 335-346 Lepidoptera, 18, 19, 21, 23, 164, 319 Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) , 12, 20, 29-31, 158, 162, 183, 275 Lettuce aphid, 164 Read the entire page →
From page 464... ... See Immigration/refuges Miranowski, John A., 436-448 Mites. See Acarina Mixtures of pesticides registration procedures, 375, 380381, 427, 428 as resistance management tactic, 150151, 166, 319-320, 330, 339, 340-341, 350-351, 443, 445 INDEX Mobam, 284 Models, 194-206 characteristics of resistance models, 135-136 data sources, 148-149 epistatic resistance, 217-218 insect resistance, 75, 81, 341 management applications, 153-154, 203, 288 model classifications, 147-148, 195 modeling assumptions, 143-144, 195-196 parameters of resistance development, 145-147, 196-198 polygenic resistance, 223, 226-231 population genetics, 56-59 validation studies, 149, 198-203, 233 Molecular biology. Read the entire page →
From page 465... ... See Rodenticide resistance; Warfarin resistance Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , 118, 133 o Oklahoma, 418 Omethoate, 32 Oomycetes, 101 Operational factors, 158, 165-166, 313 insecticide resistance, 336-337 involved in risk assessment, 280, 288, 290 resistance development rate, 196-198 465 See also Agricultural practices Orchard pests, 184- 185, 336 Organochlorines, 18, 283 Organophosphates (OP) Read the entire page →
From page 466... ... See Polygenic resistance Plutella xylostella, 21 Poaceous grasses, 61, 64 Polyene antibiotics, 47 Polygenic resistance, 46, 47, 207-235 epistatic resistance, 146, 212, 217218 evolutionary processes, 213-216, 222-223 immigration effects, 214-216 mechanism, 208-212, 223-226 model applications, 223, 226-231 monogenic/polygenic perspectives compared, 146, 171-172, 195196, 223, 258 pesticide application strategies based on, 231-233 pleiotropic costs, 161, 209-212, 216 research areas, 216-219, 233-234 shifting balance theory, 207, 212213 See also Detoxification; Enzyme kinetics Polyoxin, 100, 103, 106, 352 Polyphagia, 164 Popillia japonica, 163 Population biology. See Biological processes Population genetics. Read the entire page →
From page 467... ... See also Immigration/ refuges Registration costs and procedures, 113 114, 365 biorational pesticides, 432 California, 404-405 changes to encourage pesticide development, 126-128, 367, 430 international implications, 385 JR-4 program for minor-use pesticides, 8, 381-382 pesticide mixtures, 380-381, 427, 428 regulatory strategy, 397-400 risk assessments and, 342-343, 373, 376, 428 See also Economic issues Regulatory agencies. See Public sector Regulatory genes, 46 Read the entire page →
From page 468... ... See Agrochemical industry insecticide resistance, 81-83, 335 344 international considerations, 382-386 issues and concerns, overview, 313 315, 422-424, 434 less persistent pesticides, 319 life stages of pest, 319, 339 local versus areawide application, 318 mixtures of pesticides, 319-320, 339, 443, 445 modeling applications, 149, 153 154, 194, 203 natural enemies' role, 324 need for insecticides, 111-113, 127 128 INDEX new pest-control tactics, 431-432 new pesticides development, 323, 432 pesticide formulation technology, 49 50, 52, 321, 323 polygenic resistance concerns, 231 233 population genetics, application to, 144-145, 153-154 problems, 341-342, 371-372, 422 423 program components, 424-434 recommendations, 324-326, 353-354 refugia/immigration factors, 165, 180, 324 regulatory agencies. See Public sector research directions, 4-9, 13, 153 154, 167, 324-326, 432-433 rodenticide resistance, 236-243, 364-365, 367 rotations or sequences of pesticides, 320-321 social organizations, 444-446 strategies and tactics, concepts compared, 313 synergists, 138, 140, 322, 339, 352 353 tactics evaluated, table, 315-316 treatments based on economic threshold, 318-319, 446-447 See also Integrated pest management Resistance monitoring. Read the entire page →
From page 469... ... See Genetic mechanisms Senecio vulgaris, 57, 61, 65, 68 Sensitivity, definition, 348 Sequential pesticide application, 166, 320-321, 340 Shifting balance theory, 207, 212-213 Sigatoka disease, 303 Simazine, 60, 62, 63, 329 Simulation models. See Models Sinking-leaf disc technique, 307 Site-specific inhibitors, 348, 352 Slife, Fred W., 327-334 Soderlund, David M., 111- 129 Solanum nigrum, 68 Somaclonal variation, 131 Somatic cell fusion, 131 South Dakota, 418 Soybeans, 332, 333 Spectroscopy, 118 Read the entire page →
From page 470... ... See Education and training Transition-state theory, 118-119 Triazine resistance, 319, 320, 329 cross-resistance, 62-64 incidence, 12, 20, 54-56 mechanisms, 59-61, 65-68 monitoring programs, 308-309 population genetics model, 56-59 Triazinones, 62, 290 Triazole, 245, 249-251, 254-255, 308 Tribolium casteneum, 77, 264 Trichlorphon, 162 Trichoderma spp., 324 Tridiphane, 61, 322 Trifluralin, 20, 54, 62, 64 Tubulins, 352 Turkey, 21, 27 2-aminopyrimidine fungicides, 103 2,4-D herbicide, 20, 49, 328 U United Fruit Company, 303 United Kingdom, 12, 24, 286, 308, 309, 390 fungicide resistance, 245, 249-251, 253-255 rodenticide resistance, 88-89, 237239, 242, 323, 355, 362-365 University research, 125-126, 152 153, 276, 309 Uracil herbicides, 63, 66 Urban Rat Control Program, PHS, 356, 357 Urea resistance, 20, 290 Read the entire page →
From page 471... ... , 103, 317, 416, 418 Via, Sara, 222-235 Vietnam, 12, 26 Viruses, 100, 119 Vitamin D, 320, 365 Vitamin D3, 323 Vitamin K, 87, 89-92, 239, 322, 363 Vitamin K hydroquinone, 89-90, 92 Vitamin Kit, 89-92 Vitamin Kit 2,3-epoxide, 90-91, 363 Vitamin K2, 91 Vitamin K3, 89, 91, 92 Volterra principle, 145, 147, 184-186, 201-202 W Wales, 88-89, 238, 362 Warfarin resistance, 87-99 biochemical mechanism, 48, 89-93, 363 biotechnology applications, 139- 140 British experience, 362, 363 471 Chicago experience, 357, 359-360 cross-resistance, 239-240, 364 definition, 355-356 genetic mechanism, 88-89, 93, 236 incidence, 17, 48, 88-89, 236, 355357, 363-364 warfarin/vitamin D mixture, 320 See also Anticoagulants; Rodenticide resistance Weddle, Patrick, 410-421 Weeds, 275. See also Herbicide resistance Wheat, 56-59, 62 White flies, 21 Wolfe, M Read the entire page →

From page 453...

... See Mixtures of pesticides crop rotation, 327-328, 332, 432 fungicide use, 246-247 low-till agriculture, 112- 113, 332 333 pesticide application, frequency and area, 317-318 pesticide rotation, 56, 64, 150-151, 320-321, 329, 330, 339-340, 350-351, 375 pesticide use patterns, 31 rodenticide use, 240-243 sequential pesticide applications, 166, 320-321, 340 spraying, as enhancing mosquito resistance, 28-29 timing of pesticide application, 166, 197 See also Operational factors Agricultural Research Service, 372 Agriculture Department (USDA) , 276 research support, 5, 7, 123- 125

Index Pages 453-472

Index
Pages 453-472