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Genetics and Biochemistry of Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods: Prospects for the Future
Pages 74-86

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From page 74...
... Inheritance is codominant. Possible solutions to resistance include using synergists such as chlordimeform, which appear to act by increasing the binding of pyrethroid insecticides to their target-site proteins; using agonists, which successfully compete with insecticides for recognition by the receptor protein; and using either mixtures of insecticides or insecticides composed of multiple isomers.
From page 75...
... A regulatory gene hypothesis is a more likely model to account for change, particularly at the population or subspecific level. Such genes, which control time and nature of expression of structural genes, are more likely to provide the genetic basis of adaptive variation such as the development of resistance (Levin, 19841.
From page 76...
... Genetic studies with the house fly (Plapp, 1984) show that change at a single genetic locus appears to control resistance associated with multiple detoxification enzymes.
From page 77...
... suggests that inversions or other rearrangements of the chromosome are present in many resistant strains and are of sufficient extent to explain the apparent differences in gene location on the chromosome, that is, only one gene seems to be present, but it is not always located at the same place relative to other genes on chromosome II Based on these results the idea of multiple structural genes for metabolic resistance on chromosome II becomes more tenuous, and the idea of a common resistance gene becomes more logical. Close linkage (and, therefore, possible allelism)
From page 78...
... . House flies possessing the gene kdr for targetsite resistance bound less insecticide than susceptible flies.
From page 79...
... The precise biochemical mechanism of the major gene for metabolic resistance to insecticides is not yet known with certainty, although a single gene locus is probably involved. Since all structural genes coding for detoxification enzymes are probably not at the same site, a common controlling mechanism might be responsible.
From page 81...
... Mixtures of N-propyl and N-methyl carbamates suppress this type of resistance in the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps (Yamamoto et al., 1983~. The N-propyl carbamates are potent inhibitors of the altered enzyme of resistant insects, while the N-methyl carbamates inhibit the enzyme of susceptible insects.
From page 82...
... Since the work described in this paper indicates that a single gene is of primary importance in this resistance, different approaches may be possible. Rather than poisoning the detoxifying enzymes, it may be possible to affect the receptor protein by using agonists that compete with insecticides for recognition sites on xenobiotic receptor proteins.
From page 83...
... These results suggest that using mixed alkyl isomers of dialkyl phenylphosphates and phosphorothioates might prove quite effective for overcoming resistance. Again the mechanism responsible may be the lack of ability of a single resistance gene to handle multiple chemicals simultaneously.
From page 84...
... Solutions involve using mixtures of insecticides or using insecticides composed of several isomers. The mixture approach will work because change at only a single locus is involved.
From page 85...
... 1984. The genetic basis of insecticide resistance in the house fly: Evidence that a single locus plays a major role in metabolic resistance to insecticides.
From page 86...
... 1969. Biochemical genetics of insecticide resistance in the house fly.


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