Assessing the Value of Research in the Chemical Sciences (1998) / Chapter Skim
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6 Patents and Publicly Funded Research
6 Patents and Publicly Funded Research
Pages 59-72
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From page 59... ...
We do a substantial amount of work in what is in a sense classical bibliometrics, which is examining how scientific papers cite other scientific papers. In these studies we are usually examining how well the United States is doing, or how well a given university is doing that is, how many papers they produce, how often these papers are cited, and whether they are the key papers in their scientific field.
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From page 60... ...
. We put them into a standard "journal, volume, United States Patent4,713,814 [Inventors]
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From page 61... ...
The linkage is very subject specific. Patents in biotechnology primarily cite publications in clinical medicine and biomedical research, especially in basic biomedical research; patents in chemistry cite chemistry and chemical engineering publications; patents in computing and communications tend to cite engineering and applied physics papers, especially those published in the journals of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
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From page 63... ...
The figure shows data on clinical medicine and biomedical patents, plotting the number of references to clinical medicine and biomedical, chemistry, physics, and engineering research journals for the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. In every case, the great majority of the science cited in the patents comes from publications in clinical medicine and biomedical research journals, with some from chemistry journals.
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From page 64... ...
..~. ,,,,f Physics Engineering & Technology J ~ ~ Field of Cited Paper Country of Citing Patent apan ~Other Fields Germany <; FIGURE 6.4 In the sample of clinical medicine and biomedical patents shown, most of the science cited was published in clinical medicine and biomedical research journals.
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From page 65... ...
65 German scientific paper is two to three times more likely to cite an earlier German paper than expected, based on the volume of German scientific papers in that area. That is, a German scientist will cite his or her own earlier papers, along with the papers of colleagues in the German universities.
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From page 66... ...
One of the points I make above is that a large fraction of the scientific references in patents is in biomedicine, and probably 60 percent of all the publications cited in patents are biomedical papers. However, the biomedical literature is extremely large; there are large numbers of papers in clinical medicine and biomedical research.
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From page 67... ...
Number of Support Sources normalize by the number of papers published, but we have not done that either. I suspect that when normalized by the number of papers published, the number of industrial papers cited would increase sharply, because industry cites its own papers, as well as university papers.
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From page 68... ...
566 Veterans Administration1,033 Harvard University 160 Stanford University 300 University of California,930 DuPont Co. 142 Bellcore 174 San Francisco Stanford University920 University of California at 139 United States Naval 167 Berkeley Research Laboratory University of Washington845 Massachusetts Institute of756 Technology Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation University of California at Los Angeles Massachusetts General Hospital 625 AT&T Bell Laboratories 130 IBM Corp.
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From page 69... ...
publicly funded science that is, from universities, medical schools, government laboratories, federally funded research and development centers, and other public science sources. The other 35 percent is foreign, and the distribution of foreign citations is such that roughly 15 percent of that is industry.
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From page 70... ...
He then looked at the relationship between economic value and whether the patents were cited, both within the German patent system and for the patent equivalents filed in the United States. It was clear that the patents that had large economic value had many more citations than the ones that did not.
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From page 71... ...
I think that, in fact, there is a genuinely strong connection between university and government research and industry research in the United States, and that the connection is much stronger (especially historically) than the linkage between, for example, the universities and industry in most areas in the United Kingdom, not necessarily in biotechnology but in most other areas of the United Kingdom.
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From page 72... ...
If you read the history of the last century, they were really talking about technology and not science. For example, during the industrial revolution in the United Kingdom, they used the term "science" to describe what we would call "technology.
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